Neoclassicism free essay sample

Neoclassicism, one of the significant craftsmanship developments, started around the center of the eighteenth century and went on until the initial segment of the nineteenth century. Not long before the start of the Neoclassic development the publics enthusiasm for the Renaissance and Classic Greek and Roman workmanship started to return to life. Alongside the publics recently discovered enthusiasm for the renaissance and Greek and Roman craftsmanship the general population additionally started to contradict the past styles of Rococo and Baroque (Sayre, 2010). Alongside the publics changing craftsmanship intrigues political changes are additionally thought to have played a part in the beginning of the Neoclassic movement.At the time the United States was getting autonomous and making its own equitable political framework. Simultaneously France was turning into a republic. Together France and the United States chose to plan their open structures around the Neoclassic style. Neoclassic style works of art based on scarcely any subjects, the most noticeable being ethics. We will compose a custom paper test on Neoclassicism or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Painters around then idea that people consistently in the open eye should look admonished and deadpan in paintings.In The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries by Jacques Louis David, Napoleon was intended to be viewed as a sovereign and military pioneer, the two of which were intense jobs continually keeping him inside the open eye. In the artistic creation Napoleon is seen wearing his military uniform. Napoleons face shows no feeling at all and his eyes appear to have no life in them. The foundation, the investigation, appears to be tasteless. The lines and hues utilized in the work of art are straightforward. These components together represent the profound quality and highminded nature of the timespan, and can be viewed as subject in many artistic creations during the Neoclassic movement.Impressionism When the Neoclassic development reached a conclusion in the main portion of the nineteenth century the Impressionism development started. The Impressionist workmanship development went on until the start of the twentieth century. The start of the Impressionist development was set apart by Claude Monets painting Impression-Sunrise (Sayre, 2010). The subjects and methods utilized in impressionist work was totally not the same as past ages of fine art (Sayre, 2010). Impressionist work didnt center around social structure or legislative issues, however rather centered around visual delight. Henry Sayre (2010) expressed, If impressionism is described by a method of seeing by the endeavor to catch the passing impacts of light by applying paint in little speedy strokes of shading it is likewise characterized by an extraordinary enthusiasm for pictures of relaxation. Pierre August Renoir made a magnificent case of Impressionist work when he made Luncheon of the Boating Party. Lunch meeting of the Boating Party shows a gathering of people, perhaps companions, talking with one another around a table loaded up with food and beverages. The people all appear to have some good times in their recreation time with each other.Abstract Expressionism The occasions paving the way to the Abstract Expressionism development were exceptionally hard and extremely tragic. The Abstract Expressionism development started during the 1940s. The Great Depression and World War II had not started throughout the entire that previously. Five years or so before the development started President Roosevelt had put a government workmanship venture moving which gave craftsmen budgetary help permitting specialists to function as they needed (Sayre, 2010). It was after the government craftsmanship venture when craftsmen like Ferdinand Leger, Marcel Duchamp, Piet Mondrian, Yves Tanguy, and Andre Breton went to the United States (Sayre, 2010).It was then that Abstract Expressionism was conceived. The style of Abstract Expressionism is free, receptive, and unbounded. Unique Expressionist craftsmanship demonstrated feeling, immediacy, and opportunity from past limitations of past workmanship styles. A magnificent case of Abstract Expressionism is Autumn Rhythm made by Jackson Pollock. From the start Autumn Rhythm seems as though a craftsmanship venture having a place with a youngster in kindergarten. Pollock filled the canvas start to finish side to agree with splatters, trickles, smudges, and whirls of paint. Pollock changed lines by utilizing various devices like sticks and trowels.

Great Wall of China

The Rise and Fall of China's Great Wall The ascent and fall of China's Great Wall: the race to spare a world fortune †Special Report Current Events, Sept 27, 2002 Save an individual duplicate of this article and rapidly discover it again with Furl. net. It's free! Spare it. MADE OF BRICK, STONE, and earth, the Great Wall exciting bends in the road over China's scene like a monster mythical beast. It appears to emerge from the ocean at Bo Hal inlet, a spot referred to nearby individuals as Laolongtou, or â€Å"the old mythical beast's head. † The divider at that point extends over the fields, creeps at the edges of mountains and scales their tops as it traverses the Asian countryside.This old miracle, constructed altogether by hand, frequently overpowers guests. Out traveling to the divider in 1909, French researcher Auguste Gilbert de Voisins stated, â€Å"Nothing stops it, nothing hinders its; seeing it now, one may trust it to be unceasing. † Today, in any case, disregard, abuse, and modernization undermine the monster mythical beast. Despite the fact that the divider once extended almost 4,000 miles over China's northern outskirt, just around 1,500 miles of China's Great Wall remain. The rest has self-destructed and vanished. This year, the World Monuments Fund set the Great Wall on its rundown of 100 Most Endangered Sites.The bunch would like to secure what's left of the divider and to empower the Chinese government and others to spare the notable structure. As per a World Monuments Fund report, â€Å"[The wall] was worked to ensure China; presently China must secure it. † The Great Wall of Qin China's Great Wall didn't begin so incredible. Started about 2,300 years prior, the structure was a progression of little strongholds. As right on time as 600 B. C. , individuals in China manufactured little dividers around their homes and urban areas for security. Troopers protected the entryways around the city dividers during the day and swung the doors shut at night.During the Warring States time frame (475-221 B. C. ), pioneers battling for control of China fabricated dividers around whole realms. Troopers involved strongholds and towers on the divider and battled to secure the fringes of the autonomous states. In 221 B. C. , Qin Shi Huangdi brought together the realms and turned into the primary sovereign of China. Qin Shi Huangdi provided requests to assemble the chang cheng, or â€Å"long wall,† to shield China from northern migrants who were attempting to attack China. Workers assembled the divider by joining dividers built before and expanding the length of the divider to almost 3,100 miles.With the assistance of General Meng Tian, Qin Shi Huangdi requested 800,000 menâ€soldiers, detainees, and peasantsâ€to fabricate the divider. Where stones were abundant, laborers utilized stones to fabricate portions of the divider. Where stones were rare, laborers utilized earth. To manufacture the divider, w orkers uncovered a lot of earth and conveyed it to the divider. The laborers at that point heaped earth into wooden casings around 6 inches down. They utilized wooden instruments to pound the soil until it turned into a strong mass. This procedure was rehashed until the divider arrived at an ideal height.Workers at that point moved the wooden edges to the following area of the divider and started the procedure once more. As per legend, Qin Shi Huangdi sentenced laborers to death for making the scarcest development mistakes. Today, hardly any hints of the Qin divider remain. After Qin Shi Huangdi's passing in 210 B. C. , laborers surrendered the divider and it in the long run disintegrated into ruins. The Ming Fortress Nearly all of Qin Shi Huangdi's replacements assembled dividers along China's northern outskirts. The strongholds, notwithstanding, never completely shielded China from invasion.During the mid thirteenth century, Genghis Khan, pioneer of the Mongols, a wanderer bunch f rom the north, joined a few migrant militaries and vanquished quite a bit of Asia. In 1279, Genghis Khan's grandson, Kubilai Khan, toppled the Chinese ruler and built up the Yuan administration (1279-1368). The Yuan rulers didn't keep up the old divider or manufacture another one, so the divider started to fall into ruins. After Khan kicked the bucket in 1227, a Chinese rancher named Zu Yuanzhang drove a revolutionary armed force and helped oust the last Yuan sovereign. At the point when Zu Yuanzhang held onto power, he set up the Ming line (1368-1644).Zu and his replacements chose to remake China's Great Wall, which lay for the most part in ruins, to shield the Mongols from coming back to reconquer China. For about 200 years, a huge number of laborers works away on the Ming wallâ€reinforcing the Great Wall with blocks and stone. The Ming divider in the long run blocked mountain passes that Mongol officers had used to attack China. At the point when Mongol clans assaulted the div ider, Chinese warriors alarmed others by lighting signal flames. At the point when watches from a sign pinnacle saw the shoot, they manufactured another discharge, passing the admonition along the wall.The number of smoke crest and gun shots shot showed to Chinese officers what number of aggressors were drawing nearer. The Ming government burdened the individuals of China intensely to pay for development of the Great Wall. In 1644, the Manchus, a traveler clan from upper east of Peking, helped rebels topple the Ming rulers and began the following period in Chinese historyâ€the Qing line. During the Qing tradition, Manchu powers drove out Mongol intruders and broadened China's fringe more remote north past the Great Wall. The divider not, at this point ensured China's fringe, so development halted and fighters surrendered the fortresses.The Wall At Risk Today, Chinese authorities caution that the Great Wall is indeed enduring an onslaught. In any case, this time the divider isn't in peril from trespassers. Rather neighborhood individuals and sightseers the same undermine the divider. Dong Yaohui, leader of the Great Wall Society of China, as of late convinced a neighborhood government to require a fine on inhabitants in a little town after they annihilated piece of the divider to acquire blocks for new houses. Also, in 1999, authorities in the self-ruling locale of Nei Monggol (when called Inner Mongolia) pushed through the Great Wall to manufacture an expressway. Nature has additionally taken its toll.At the divider's western end, desert dust storms have worn out quite a bit of China's extraordinary marvel. Dong Yaohui stated, â€Å"Saving the Great Wall is currently the most earnest errand confronting our nation. Its magnificence must be reconstructed. † Preservationists likewise contend that business designers are pulverizing the stylish magnificence of China's Great Wall. Designers have transformed pieces of the divider into a visitor goal. Guests to the divider at the Badaling segment close to Beijing can take one of five link vehicles to the highest point of the divider, bungee-bounce off an area of the divider, paraglide along the divider, or ride a toboggan down the mountain.William Lindesay, an Englishman living in China, sorted out a gathering to ensure and save what is left of the divider. Lindesay's gathering, the International Friends of the Great Wall, works with nearby residents to get trash along the divider and ensure the divider is shielded from vandals. â€Å"The divider is in grave, grave danger,† Lindesay said. The Chinese government additionally would like to ensure the national fortune. Authorities in Beijing are thinking about enactment that, whenever passed, would convict anybody found littering or damaging the Great Wall to a prison term of up to seven years.Arthur Waldron, a student of history, composed, â€Å"Whatever the future brings, the picture of the divider †¦ as an image of China à ¢â‚¬ ¦ appears to will undoubtedly persevere. † Get Talking Ask understudies: for what reason do you think the Great Wall of China was fabricated? What is the estimated length of the divider? What may have been a portion of the difficulties looked by the divider's manufacturers? What may the divider be undermined today? Foundation The Great Wall is among the most well known traveler goals in China, alongside the Forbidden City in Beijing, and the Terra Cotta Warriors at Xi'an.Qin Shi Huangdi (the principal ruler of China) brought together the country of China and fabricated the primary Great Wall. After Qin Shi Huandi passed on, he was covered in a tomb with a multitude of earthenware warriors and ponies at Xi'an. In 1974, Qin Ski Huangdi's tomb was found by a gathering of archeologists. During the Qin Dynastyâ€when the primary Great Wall was builtâ€workers drudged for a long time to construct the divider, at a pace of around 25 miles for every month. Parts of the divide r have been remade during the past centuryâ€including the area of the divider at Badaling, close to China's capital of Beijing. Numerous legends encompass China's Great Wall.One of the most common is that the Great Wall is the main man-made structure noticeable from the Moon. Be that as it may, as per the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), â€Å"The Great Wall can scarcely be seen from the Shuttle, so it would not be conceivable to see it from the Moon with the unaided eye. † Doing More After understudies have perused the story, request that they look into different locales recorded as jeopardized by the World Monuments Fund. What are the greatest dangers to those destinations? For what reason are the destinations thought about significant? At the point when understudies have wrapped up the data, have them present their discoveries to the class.

25 Literary Art Quotes For Inspiring Your Most Creative Self

25 Literary Art Quotes For Inspiring Your Most Creative Self Great art, whether its visual art, poetry, music, dance, or some other creative work, challenges and inspires us. And, in doing so, it has the power to transform us and the world around us. As a tribute to the value of art in our world, weve assembled a collection of art quotes, to help you get your juices flowing and thoughts moving as you create your own art and enjoy and learn from the art around you. “One ought, every day at least, to hear a little song, read a good poem, see a fine picture, and, if it were possible, to speak a few reasonable words.” â€"Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Wilhelm Meisters Apprenticeship “If art doesnt make us better, then what on earth is it for?” â€"Alice Walker “Our truest response to the irrationality of the world is to paint or sing or write, for only in such response do we find truth.” â€"Madeleine LEngle. The Rock that is Higher: Story as Truth “If we, citizens, do not support our artists, then we sacrifice our imagination on the altar of crude reality and we end up believing in nothing and having worthless dreams.” â€"Yann Martel, Life of Pi “Censorship is to art as lynching is to justice.” â€"Henry Louis Gates Jr. “i am a museum full of art but you had your eyes shut” â€"Rupi Kaur, Milk and Honey The Pin “The role of the artist is to ask questions, not answer them.” â€"Anton Chekhov “All art is a kind of confession, more or less oblique. All artists, if they are to survive, are forced, at last, to tell the whole story; to vomit the anguish up.” â€"James Baldwin, Nobody Knows My Name: More Notes of a Native Son “For me, Art is the restoration of order. It may discuss all sort of terrible things, but there must be satisfaction at the end. A little bit of hunger, but also satisfaction.” â€"Toni Morrison “One thing about great art: it made you love people more, forgive them their petty transgressions. It worked in the way that religion was supposed to, if you thought about it.” â€"Nick Hornby, Juliet, Naked “I think the mystery of art lies in this, that artists’ relationship is essentially with their workâ€"not with power, not with profit, not with themselves, not even with their audience.” â€"Ursula K. Le Guin “Art is the only serious thing in the world. And the artist is the only person who is never serious.” â€"Oscar Wilde The Pin “Art is a persons private vision expressed in aesthetic forms.” â€"Chaim Potok, My Name Is Asher Lev “Art never responds to the wish to make it democratic; it is not for everybody; it is only for those who are willing to undergo the effort needed to understand it.” â€"Flannery OConnor, Mystery and Manners: Occasional Prose “If a painting really works down in your heart and changes the way you see, and think, and feel, you don’t think, ‘oh, I love this picture because it’s universal.’ ‘I love this painting because it speaks to all mankind.’ That’s not the reason anyone loves a piece of art. It’s a secret whisper from an alleyway. Psst, you. Hey kid. Yes you.” â€"Donna Tartt, The Goldfinch “There must always be two kinds of art: escape-art, for man needs escape as he needs food and deep sleep, and parable-art, that art which shall teach man to unlearn hatred and learn love.” â€"W.H. Auden “Art wasnt supposed to look nice; it was supposed to make you feel something.” â€"Rainbow Rowell, Eleanor Park The Pin “Sometimes it is better not to talk about art by using the word ‘art.’ If we just act with awareness and integrity, our art will flower, and we dont have to talk about it at all.” â€"Thich Nhat Hanh, Peace Is Every Step: The Path of Mindfulness in Everyday Life “Not everyone can be the artist. There have to be those who witness the art, who love and appreciate what they have been privileged to see.” â€"Ann Patchett, Bel Canto “Some say art is our highest form of hope…Perhaps its our only hope.” â€"Roma Tearne, Mosquito “That is one of the functions of art: to present what the narrow and desperately practical perspectives of real life exclude.” â€"C.S. Lewis, On Stories: And Other Essays on Literature “I think that the power of art is the power to wake us up, strike our depths, change us. What are we searching for when we read a novel, see a film, listen to a piece of music? We are searching, through a work of art, for something that alters us, that we werent aware of before.” â€"Jhumpa Lahiri, In Other Words “My weakness has always been to prefer the large intention of an unskilful artist to the trivial intention of an accomplished one: in other words, I am more interested in the high ideas of a feeble executant than in the high execution of a feeble thinker.” â€"Thomas Hardy, The Later Years of Thomas Hardy “We look too much to museums. The sun coming up in the morning is enough.” â€"Ralph Ellison, Shadow and Act Art was not an after-school special. Art was not motivational speaking. Art was not sentimental. It had no responsibility to be hopeful or optimistic or make anyone feel better about the world. It must reflect the world in all its brutality and beauty, not in hopes of changing it but in the mean and selfish desire to not be enrolled in its lie, to not be coopted by the television dreams, to not ignore the great crimes all around us.” â€"Ta-Nehisi Coates, We Were Eight Years in Power: An American Tragedy What are some of your favorite quotes about art? Share them in the comments! And if you want more than art quotes to spark your creative spirit, check out this list of books.

A Timeline History of Mathematics

Mathematics is the science of numbers. To  be precise, the Merriam-Webster dictionary defines mathematics as: The science of numbers and their operations, interrelations, combinations, generalizations, abstractions and of space configurations and their structure, measurement, transformations  and generalizations. There  are several different branches of mathematical science, which include algebra, geometry and calculus. Mathematics is not an invention. Discoveries and laws of science are not considered inventions since inventions are material things and processes. However, there is a history of mathematics, a relationship between mathematics and inventions  and mathematical instruments themselves are considered inventions. According to  the book Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times, mathematics as an organized science did not exist until the classical Greek period from 600 to 300 B.C. There were, however, prior civilizations in which the beginnings or rudiments of mathematics were formed. For example, when civilization began to trade, a need to count was created. When humans traded goods, they needed a way to count the goods and to calculate the cost of those goods. The very first device for counting numbers was, of course, the human hand and fingers represented quantities. And to count beyond ten fingers, mankind used natural markers, rocks or shells. From that point, tools such as counting boards and the abacus were invented.   Heres a quick tally of important developments introduced throughout the ages, beginning from A to Z.   Abacus One of the first tools for counting invented, the abacus was invented around 1200 B.C. in China and was used in many ancient civilizations, including Persia and Egypt. Accounting The innovative Italians of the Renaissance (14th  through 16th century) are widely acknowledged to be the fathers of modern accounting. Algebra The first treatise on algebra was written by Diophantus of Alexandria in the 3rd century B.C. Algebra comes from the Arabic word al-jabr, an ancient medical term meaning the reunion of broken parts. Al-Khawarizmi is another early algebra scholar and was the first to teach the formal discipline. Archimedes Archimedes was a mathematician and inventor from ancient Greece  best known for his discovery of the relationship between the surface and volume of a sphere and its circumscribing cylinder for his formulation of a hydrostatic principle (Archimedes principle) and for inventing the Archimedes screw (a device for raising water). Differential Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) was a German philosopher, mathematician and logician who is probably most well known for having invented differential and integral calculus. He did this independently of Sir Isaac Newton. Graph A graph is a pictorial representation of statistical data or of a functional relationship between variables. William Playfair (1759-1823) is generally viewed as the inventor of most graphical forms used to display data, including line plots, the bar chart, and the pie chart. Math Symbol In 1557, the sign was first used by Robert Record. In 1631, came the    sign. Pythagoreanism Pythagoreanism is a school of philosophy and a religious brotherhood believed to have been founded by Pythagoras of Samos, who settled in Croton in southern Italy about 525 B.C. The group had a profound effect on the development of mathematics. Protractor The simple protractor is an ancient device.  As an instrument used to construct and measure plane angles, the simple protractor looks like a semicircular disk marked with degrees, beginning with 0 º to 180 º. The first complex protractor was created for plotting the position of a boat on navigational charts. Called a three-arm protractor or station pointer, it was invented in 1801 by Joseph Huddart, a U.S. naval captain. The center  arm is fixed, while the outer two are rotatable and capable of being set at any angle relative to the center one. Slide Rulers Circular and rectangular slide rules, an instrument used for mathematical calculations, were both invented by mathematician William Oughtred. Zero Zero was invented by the Hindu mathematicians Aryabhata and Varamihara in India around or shortly after the year 520 A.D.

Technology And The Criminal Justice System - 1009 Words

Within the last ten years, there have been significant advancements in technology which has in turn changed and increased the type of crimes in today’s society. With the new technology, the criminals are ready to exploit it. So therefore, the future direction of crime fighting and its role in social policy implication are geared toward the advancements of technology. For criminal justice system to intervene, deter, or prevent crimes, they must be equipped with the latest technologies. Advancements to technology within the criminal justice system have a significant effect on the courts, making policies, and the correction facilities. These technologies have provided the police officers and other law enforcement officers with†¦show more content†¦Based on Dauphin County First Assistant District Attorney Fran Chardo, â€Å"We become a very electronic-oriented society.† (Marc Goodman). With this increase usage of electronic, we see a new set of criminals and crimes. With the cellular telephone, criminals use it, not only to communicate with one another, but also to target people and as a triggering device. For example, if the criminals are searching for someone they can text each other with the description of a person and then upon verification proceed with an order, possible death. With this same cellular telephone technology, law enforcement can use someone’s cellular telephone to track their movements or identify their location to help with investigations. The new set of crimes is cybercrimes. A cybercrime is any crime that involves the use of computer or the manipulation of digital data. Zackary J. Miller, section Chief of the FBI’s Cyber Criminal Division stated, â€Å"I think there is a growing cybercrime problem that we are continuing to chase a bit behind the curve†¦ bank robbery and fraud are all facilitated by the internet.† (Bernice Young, 2011). There are five types of computer crimes: (1). i nternal computer crimes, such as viruses; (2). internet and telecommunication, which is hacking; (3). criminal enterprises, databases supporting drug distribution; (4). computer manipulation, embezzlement; and (5). hardware, software, and information theft. (Schmalleger,

Trend in Heritage Tourism Free Essays

string(45) " used to target a selective of participants\." Are the trends in Heritage tourism having an effect on world Heritage sites? | | Abstract Using in depth secondary research this paper aims to examine the impacts of heritage tourism to various heritage sites in terms of potential threats and opportunities associated with tourism development and growth. In addition there will be an analysing of the research methodologies used in order to identify theoretical framework surrounding area of study to clarify the outcomes of results. With effective management and planning heritage tourism can contribute to the local economy as well as the preservation and restoration of the historical monuments at the same time connecting the local culture, which represents a significant period of human history, with global cultures. We will write a custom essay sample on Trend in Heritage Tourism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although benefits of this type of tourism do exist there are various issues apparent at numerous historical sites. This study focuses on the concept of sustainability in terms of understanding the implications of tourism to built heritage and its surroundings. nd the local culture, as well as to the development of the communities if planning and management is that dwell therein in terms of planning and management in order to restore, preserve historical monuments at the same time understand Abstract Using in depth secondary research this paper aims to examine the impacts of heritage tourism to various heritage sites in terms of potential threats and opportunities associated with tourism development and growth. In addition there will be an analysing of the research methodologies used in order to identify theoretical framework surrounding area of study to clarify the outcomes of results. With effective management and planning heritage tourism can contribute to the local economy as well as the preservation and restoration of the historical monuments at the same time connecting the local culture, which represents a significant period of human history, with global cultures. Although benefits of this type of tourism do exist there are various issues apparent at numerous historical sites. This study focuses on the concept of sustainability in terms of understanding the implications of tourism to built heritage and its surroundings. nd the local culture, as well as to the development of the communities if planning and management is that dwell therein in terms of planning and management in order to restore, preserve historical monuments at the same time understand | | | Introduction A catalyst for poverty alleviation, tourism is considered to be one of the world’s largest industries, as it acts as a key driver for development through foreign exchange earnings and the formation of direct and indirect employment WTO (2012, a). Tourism contributes 5% of the world’s GDP and accounts for 6% of the world’s exports in services, making it the fourth largest export sector after fuels, chemicals and automotive products. Tourism is accountable for 235 million jobs or one in every 12 jobs globally (WTO 2012, a). With a record of 705 million tourists up to August 2012, global tourism is to rise to 1billion by the end of 2012(WTO, 2012, b). In 2007, cultural tourism accounted for 40% of all international tourism (Mintel, 2010). These results produced are highly adequate as they directly came from WTO whom monitors the trends of tourism and provide an up to date statistic analysis in a timely mode in order understand the affects and impacts of tourism on a global level. The results from Mintel can be considered reliable as information was influenced by organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) tourism committee whom activity aims at promoting the culture of evaluation in tourism. As the growth in tourism can help sustain cultural heritage sites, but has severe consequences, since immense growth can affect the configuration of cultural sites and monuments as they are becoming heavily congested by tourist. Discussions and analysis of key theories and interpretation of research methods Heritage mainly represents the past and the future, its meaning is associated with the word in heritance which basically explains when something is passed from one generation to the next generation. Heritage acts as a carrier of historical values from the past, which can be viewed as part of the cultural tradition. Therefore the linkage between heritage and tourism exist by reconstructing the past in the present through interpretation i. e. cultural brokers (Nuryanti,1996). Heritage tourism is a form of special interest tourism (Nuryanti,1996). Heritage can be a form of living or built elements of culture which has intangible or tangible features such as buildings, locations, cuisines and arts and crafts (Timothy and Nyaupane, 2009). The academic adapted these view by exploring various tourism related journals. This may be reliable as they are peer viewed by other academics and experts round the area of study. This type of research method can help when trying to understand a specific study area before it can progress to any other research methods. However journals may not be able to answer a specific question that needs to be investigated as it has been created around the academics particular area of study, answering questions that the academics are particularly researching or investigating around. According to Zepal and Hall (1991) heritage tourism motivations are based on ‘’nostalgia for the past and the desire to experience diverse cultural landscapes and forms†. This quote may not be factual but rather the author’s perspectives as the postmodern tourist may have influence by other motives. The motives to visit cultural historical sites were influenced by having a curiosity in history, visiting cultural attractions/events and visiting a historical attractions/events (Kolar and zabkar,2010 cited in Swarbrooke,1999). Cultural motivations can give an idea of what precedes authentic experiences (Kolar and zabkar,2010). This information was obtained by the means of conducting a survey on 25 Romanesque heritage sites in four European countries. The results identified that cultural motivation is significant subsequent of both object-based and existential authenticity, which in turn influences tourist perceptions. Although surveys can be gathered quickly and administered easily, response rates can be bias as the results of a survey are randomly sampled, normally used to target a selective of participants. You read "Trend in Heritage Tourism" in category "Papers" Furthermore the results were only generalizing on specific heritage settings. This makes it difficult to identify if tourists have similar experiences and perceptions in other heritage settings. An idea of the motivations and behaviours of heritage tourists are, essential if the impacts on heritage sites are to be managed sustainably (Kolar and zabkar, 2010). Heritage tourism can create employment, alleviate poverty, curb rural flight migration, and increase community empowerment. The dynamic characteristics of tourism can contribute to preserving and enhancing intangible and tangible cultural heritage. However Intangible and tangible cultural assets whether it is built or a living must be analyzed and managed well in order to flourish in an increasingly globalized world. However this relies on stake holder’s involvement such as the partnerships between communities and the tourism and heritage industries. This is because the genuine appreciation for the aspirations and values of all parties can influence the survival of heritage tourism (UNWTO, 2012). This information can be considered as accurate as UNWTO monitor cultural tourism activities and are able to understand the implications of tourism through observations of tourist flows and tourism developments in various heritage sites, in addition working with various stake holders and tourism departments. UNESCO adopted the convention concerning the protection of the world cultural and natural heritage sites in 1972(Garrod and Fyall, 2009). Since then there has been 936 designated world heritage sites located in 159 states party. The aim of the convention is to â€Å"ensure the identification, protection, conservation, presentation and transmission to future generations of cultural and natural heritage of outstanding universal value† (Garrod and Fyall, 2009 cited in UNESCO, 2008:2). The information produce can be considered accurate as it was obtained from UNESCO published documents which is based on factual information rather than ones opinion. However it has been debated that the world Heritage listings has had an influenced in the increase in visitor numbers to world heritage sites. Considerable growth in tourist interest has been distinguished as a driving aspect in latest world heritage selections (Landorf 2009 cited in Jones Munday, 2001). This information was conducted by observations of tourist movements to six heritage sites in the UK. However as this type of research gathered is a form of observation it may be considered as a genuine approach as visitors do not notice that they are being watch so they would act to their normal nature. This approach allows you to understanding certain tourist’s behaviour patterns which can be based on Mathieson and Wall (1982) consumer buying behaviour model. The research associated with the Mathieson and Wall (1982) consumer buying behaviour model can be considered out dated as it does not look into the current perspectives of geographical approaches to understanding consumer behaviour. A more current consumer behaviour model will need to be adapted in order to understand today’s tourists as they may differ from the past tourists. Tourism might place stress on world heritage sites which growth, is intensified by which contradicts the standards at the core of the World Heritage Convention, which emphasis that world heritage sites should maintain a function in current community life at the same time being preserved for transmission to future generations (UNESCO, 1972, b). In this case it is a vital issue that tourism activities should be sustainable in order to allow sites that gain world heritage status to maintain their status (Garrod Fyall, 2000). The information was conducted using desk top research. This information may be bias as it is based on expert’s personal opinions. Tourism may not be the best solution for the development of heritage sites unless planning is involved. Heritage tourism can influence community developments. For example Wadi Al-Hitan in Egypt, witnessed small scale developments by local communities supplying most of the services available to the visitor’s experiences. Management of the heritage site worked closely with locals of the site to develop their capacity in regards to the site but also with regards to developing their skills for providing these services to the tourists i. e. tour guides. A positive outcome has been associated with this is economic development of local communities due to well-planned tourism at Wadi Al Hitan. The Canaima National Park in Venezuela and Shiretoko in Japan are other examples of sites that also demonstrate good methods for community involvement and collaboration and hence development of heritage sites (Borges et al, 2011). This information was collected by taking notes from the interviews from experts in this area of study. Interviews are very effective if conducted using appropriate questions in order to get an instant answer to your questions raised. This method of research is beneficial as it can validate information that already exists. The results for this interview did indicate that there are some positive outcomes for heritage tourism if managed well, however stakeholders will have to involve to community for it to be successful. Although tourism is normally honoured for being able to reconcile conservation and development goals in or near protected areas, there are existing negative impacts that are affecting world heritage sites status. For example Machu Picchu in Peru faces pressure from 900,000 annual tourists who visit the ancient Inca city. The tourists place a threat on the ecological integrity, physical body and cultural authenticity of the world heritage site and surrounding areas, including the Inca Trail (Larson and Poudyal, 2012). Information was influenced by Andean tour operators. As they are recognised tour operator this type of research approach is good, as they will have connections with other tourism related institutions in order to understand what is going on in particular countries in terms of tourist flows and impacts to particular destinations which they may be operating in. UNESCO has previously warned about uncontrolled access at Machu Picchu in Peru and advised the authorities to make conservation a priority (BBC news, 2012). This information was gather from the BBC news is reliable as news is a source which is most current and up to date with worldwide issues. Due to immense tourism developments at heritage sites planning strategies are essential in order to control tourism (Hall, 2008). For a plan to be successful it needs to implement an effective planning approach which is vision and goal oriented, integrative, market driven, resource driven, consultative and systematic (Hall,2008). However Simpson (2001) identified that specific examples of community involvement in the planning process hardly exist. Environmental and economic objectives are more notional than social objectives, creating problematic process as the three dimensions as they are not being equally treated (Agyeman Evans, 2003). Figure one illustrates the process in which sustainable tourism should be managed at heritage sites. Through sustainability soft and hard visitor management techniques have been implemented at various heritage sites in order to control and monitor visitor flows cooper et al, 2005. This information was obtained by observing the visitor management techniques implemented at the Great Wall of China. In this case this is a good method as the results give an understanding of what management techniques effective for heritage sites. Source: (Larson and Poudyal, 2012) Source: (Larson and Poudyal, 2012) Conclusion It is evident that academics in this area of study heavily rely on qualitative research in order to discover their answer. This may be that due to the nature of heritage tourism, the best way to understand the area is by identifying what motivates tourist to this type of tourism and what are the implications, opportunities and solutions in order to sustain heritage tourism. These types of questions may need to be answered by tourists that participate in this type of tourism and stake holders involved. In this way it can be said that the reason why surveys, interviews and observation methods might be used is to investigate specifically in detail answers that may not be found conducting desk top research, due to the limitations of areas that are specifically studied around a particular academics research. However institutions such as the WTO, OECD use quantitative and qualitative, methods in order measure and monitor progress and direct actions related to tourism related impacts, threats and opportunities. It can be recommended that academics use both qualitative and quantitative research in order to develop well detailed and effective results around the area of study. Overall it is clear from the study that in order for heritage tourism to be preserved sustainability is the key concept surrounding the phenomenon. Tourists, Stake holders, communities and tourism institutions are equally involve in achieving sustainability in world heritage sites as they each have an effect on the outcomes of its survival in terms of future developments. References Agyeman, J. Evans, T. (2003). Toward sustainability in urban communities: Building equal rights with sustainable solutions. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences. 590. pp 35–53. BBC news, (2012) Machu Picchu: Peru unveils plans for new airport. Available at: http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/world-latin-america-19353660 [Accessed: 2nd December, 2012] Borges,A. M. ,Carbone,G. ,Bushell,R. and Jaeger,T. (2011) Sustai nable tourism and natural World Heritage. Switzerland: IUCN Gland, Switzerland Cooper,C. ,Fletcher,J. ,Fyal,A. , Gilbert,D. Wanhill,S. 2005)Tourism principles and practice. Essex: Pearson education limited Garrod, B. , Fyall, A. (2000). Managing heritage tourism. Annals of Tourism Research. 27(3). pp 682–708. Garrod,B. and Fyall,A. Contemporary cases in Tourism. Volume 1. Oxford: Goodfellow Publishers Limited. In UNESCO (2008) World Heritage. Availble at:http://whc. unesco. org/en/list/514 Garrod, B. , Fyall, A. (2000). Managing heritage tourism. Annals of Tourism Research. 27(3). pp 682–708. *Hall, C. M. (2008). Tourism planning. Policies, processes and relationships, Harlow, Pearson Education Limited Kolar,T. and zabkar,V. (2010) A consumer-based model of authenticity: An oxymoron or the foundation of cultural heritage marketing. 31 (5) October. pp. 652–66. In Swarbrooke, J. (1999) The development and management of visitor attractions. Oxford Butterworth-Heinemann, Kolar,T. and zabkar,V. (2010) A consumer-based model of authenticity: An oxymoron or the foundation of cultural heritage marketing. 31 (5). October. pp 652–664 Larson,R. L. and Poudyal,C. N. (2012) Developing sustainable tourism through adaptive resource management: a case study of Machu Picchu, Peru. 0(7). pp 917-938 Landorf ,C. ( 2009) Managing for sustainable tourism: a review of six cultural World Heritage Sites. 17(1). pp53-70. In Jones, C. , Munday, M. (2001). Blaenavon and United Nations World Heritage Site status: Is conservation of industrial heritage a road to local economic development? Regional Studies. 35(6). pp 585–590. Mathieson, A. and Wall, G. (1982) Tourism: Economic, Physical an d Social Impacts. Harlow: Longman. Mintel (2010) Cultural and Heritage Tourism – International. Available at:http://academic. mintel. om/display/482710/? highlight=true[Accessed:2nd December, 2012] Nuryanti,W. (1996) HERITAGE AND POSTMODERN TOURISM. Annalr of Tourirm Research. 23 (2) pp. 249-260, Simpson, K. (2001). Strategic planning and community involvement as contributors to sustainable tourism development. Current Issues in Tourism, 4(1). pp 3–41. Timothy, J. D. and Nyaupane, P. G. 2009 Cultural Heritage and Tourism in the Developing World: A Regional Perspective. Oxon: Routledge UNWTO (2012) Tourism and Intangible Cultural Heritage. Available at: http://ethics. unwto. rg/en/content/tourism-and-intangible-cultural-heritage[Accessed: 3rd December,2012] UNESCO. (1972). Convention concerning the protection of the world cultural and natural heritage. Paris: UNESCO. WTO (2012 a) Tourism and Poverty Alleviation. Available at: http://step. unwto. org/en/content/tourism-a nd-poverty-alleviation-1[Accessed: 2nd December, 2012] WTO (2012 b) International tourism strong despite uncertain economy. Available at. http://www2. unwto. org/en/press-release/2012-11-05/international-tourism-strong-despite-uncertain-economy[Accessed: 2nd December, 2012] Zeppal, H. and How to cite Trend in Heritage Tourism, Papers

MONITORING AND OPTIMIZATION Essays - Computer Storage Devices

MONITORING AND OPTIMIZATION PERFORMANCE MONITOR AND NETWORK MONITOR PERFORMANCE MONITOR Windows NT Object Counters in Performance Monitor OBJECTPURPOSE CacheL2 cache performance Logical diskMass storage performance, including network storage MemoryMemory performance and usage ObjectsProcess and tread counts Paging fileVirtual memory usage Physical diskHD performance Process Performance of executing processes Processor Processor(s) performance SystemWindows NT performance Thread Individual thread performance You will also see objects for each network service installed. MONITORING FOR PROCESSOR BOTTLENECKS MAJOR PROCESSOR RELATED COUNTERS TO WATCH: Processor: %Processor Time - How busy the microprocessor is. Processor is a bottleneck if sustained >80% Processor: Interrupts/sec - Rate of service requests from peripheral devices. If you have a high rate of interrupts/sec with no corresponding hardware functions then you may have a bad piece of hardware. Should be between 100 and 1000. Spikes to 2000 are ok. System: Processor queue length - Number of threads waiting to be serviced. >2 then processor is a bottleneck. Queue length will always be zero unless you are also monitoring a thread specific counter (Context switches/sec is number of threads switched/sec by the processor and is good to use). MONITORING THE DISK FOR BOTTLENECKS IF THE DISK LIGHT IS ON ALL THE TIME, YOU NEED MORE RAM More Ram will increase the size of the disk cache and decrease page swapping to disk and will increase the apparent speed of the disk. Logical disk vs. Physical disk Two different objects in Performance monitor. Logical disk measures performance of stripe sets, volume sets and mapped network drives. Physical disk measures real transfers to and from actual hard disk or RAID set. Used to compare disks and to provide specific information about a disk. MAJOR DISK RELATED COUNTERS TO WATCH: Memory: Pages/sec shows the number of memory pages swapped out to disk per second. Useful with %disk time: modify the size of the page file and watch the result of these two disk counters. %Disk time does not directly measure the disk. It shows how much time the processor is spending servicing disk requests. Use with Processor: %Processor Time to determine if the disk is eating up the processor. Disk bytes per second shows how fast your disk is. Copy a big file and see if your disk is way fast or a piece of junk. Average disk bytes per transfer shows how big the average transfer is. Larger transfers are more efficient. Current Disk queue length shows how much data is waiting to be transferred to disk. A long queue means you need a faster disk. NOTE: You must enable disk counters, they are disabled by default and will cause a degradation of about 2% in performance due to processor load of the counter. To enable disk performance counters: type diskperf -y at the command prompt to enable auto counter startup at boot. Reboot. To disable disk performance counters: type diskperf -n at the command prompt to disable auto counter startup at boot. Reboot. NETWORK MONITOR Is a trimmed down version of what ships with SMS. Is installed by adding Network monitor tools and agent through the services tab of the network icon in control panel. Can provide real time and cumulative saved data. FOUR MAIN SECTIONS Bar graph in real time. Session statistics shows cumulative data about conversations taking place on the network in real time. Station statistics shows information on each conversation. You must specify the machine (station) you want to monitor and is cumulative for the monitoring period. Summary statistics are cumulative and show network, captured, per second, NIC (MAC), and NIC error statistics. Data can be filtered by protocol, computer address, or protocol properties. Filter by computer address to identify a NIC sending data frames when not in use (bad NIC). Netmon can be dual password protected and will let you identify other instances of Netmon running on the network. This is to prevent unauthorized users from capturing data to which they do not have permission to access. Conflict Sybex Network Press: MCSE NT Server 4 Study Guide says, ?The limited version of network monitor that ships with Windows NT Server does not support promiscuous mode. Therefore, it can capture only packets sent to the server or to all stations.? But? Windows NT Online Help for Performance Monitor says, The Nework Monitor agent collects statistics from the computer's network adapter card by putting it in promiscuous mode.?

Biography of Jacob J.Lew, Former Treasury Secretary

Biography of Jacob J.Lew, Former Treasury Secretary Jacob Joseph Jack Lew (born Aug. 29, 1955) served as the 76th United States secretary of the treasury from 2013 to 2017. Nominated by President Barak Obama on Jan. 10, 2013, Lew was confirmed by the Senate on Feb. 27, 2013, and sworn in the next day to replace the retiring Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner. Before his service as treasury secretary, Lew served as director of the Office of Management and Budget in the administrations of Obama and President Bill Clinton.  Lew was replaced as secretary of the treasury on Feb.13, 2017, by President Donald Trump’s nominee ​Steven Mnuchin, a banker and former hedge fund manager. Fast Facts: Jacob J. "Jack" Lew Known For: 76th U.S. Treasury Secretary under former President Barak Obama, also served as chief of staff under Obama and director of the Office of Management and Budget under both Obama and former President Bill ClintonAlso Known As: Jacob Joseph. Jack LewBorn: Aug. 29, 1955 in New York CityParents: Ruth Turoff and Irving LewEducation: Harvard University  (BA, 1978), Georgetown University  (JD, 1983)Awards and Honors: Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters (Georgetown University, 2014)Spouse: Ruth SchwartzChildren: Shoshana, IsaacNotable Quotes: The budget is not just a collection of numbers, but an expression of our values and aspirations. ... In my last tour of duty here in the 1990s, we made the tough, bipartisan decisions needed to bring our budget into surplus. Once again, it will take tough choices to put us on a sustainable fiscal path. Early Life and Education Lew was born on Aug. 29, 1955, in New York City to Irving Lew, a lawyer and rare book dealer, and Ruth Turoff. Lew attended New York City public schools, graduating from Forest Hill High School, where he met his future wife Ruth Schwartz. After attending Carleton College in Minnesota, Lew graduated from Harvard University in 1978 and from the Georgetown University Law Center in 1983. Government Career While involved in the federal government for nearly 40 years, Lew has never held an elected position. At just 19, Lew worked as a legislative aide to U.S. Rep. Joe Moakley (D-Mass.) from 1974 to 1975. After working for Rep. Moakley, Lew worked as a senior policy adviser to famed Speaker of the House Tip ONeill. As an adviser to ONeill, Lew served as executive director of the House Democratic Steering and Policy Committee. Lew also served as ONeills liaison to the 1983 Greenspan Commission, which successfully negotiated a bipartisan legislative solution extending the solvency of the Social Security program. In addition, Lew assisted ONeill with economic issues, including Medicare, federal budget, tax, trade, spending and appropriations, and energy issues. Clinton Administration From 1998 to 2001, Lew served as director of the Office of Management and Budget, a Cabinet-level position under President Bill Clinton. At OMB, Lew headed up the Clinton administrations budget team and was a member of the National Security Council. During Lews three years as head of the OMB, the U.S. budget actually operated at a surplus for the first time since 1969. Since 2002, the budget has suffered an ever-increasing deficit. Under President Clinton, Lew also helped design and implement the national service program Americorps. Between Clinton and Obama Following the end of the Clinton administration, Lew served as executive vice president and chief operating officer of New York University. While at NYU, he taught public administration and handled the universitys budget and finances. After leaving NYU in 2006, Lew went to work for Citigroup, serving as managing director and chief operating officer for two of the banking giants business units. From 2004 through 2008, Lew also served on the board of directors of the Corporation for National and Community Service, chairing its Management, Administration, and Governance Committee. Obama Administration Lew first joined the Obama administration in 2010 as deputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources. In November 2010, he was confirmed by the Senate as director of the Office of Management and Budget, the same office he held under President Clinton from 1998 to 2001. On Jan. 9, 2012, President Obama selected Lew as his White House chief of staff. During his time as chief of staff, Lew acted as a key negotiator between Obama and Republican Speaker of the House John Boehner in attempts to avoid the so-called fiscal cliff, the $85-billion forced budget sequestration and tax increases for wealthy Americans. In a 2012 article written for the HuffPost, Lew explained the Obama administrations plan for reducing the U.S. deficit as including: cutting $78 billion from the Department of Defense budget, raising the income tax rate for the top 2% of income earners to what they were during the Clinton administration, and reducing the federal tax rate on corporations from 35% to 25%. In my last tour of duty here in the 1990s, we made the tough, bipartisan decisions needed to bring our budget into surplus, wrote Lew. Once again, it will take tough choices to put us on a sustainable fiscal path. After Washington After Lews service in Washington, he returned to Wall Street to join a private equity firm. He is also a much-sought-after commentator on cable news shows, on issues ranging from the state of the economy to economic relations with China. Sources â€Å"Jacob J. Lew.†Ã‚  Jacob J. Lew | Columbia SIPA.Meredith, Sam. â€Å"More Bumps in the Road before US-China Trade Deal, Former Treasury Secretary Jack Lew Warns.†Ã‚  CNBC, CNBC, 26 Mar. 2019.Mittelman, Melissa. â€Å"Jack Lew Goes Back to Wall Street.†Ã‚  Bloomberg.com, Bloomberg, 20 Nov. 2017.Nottingham, Melissa. â€Å"Ruth Schwartz- Secretary of Treasury Jacob Lews Wife.†Ã‚  WAGPOLITICS.COM, 1 Oct. 2013.

Understanding Confidence Intervals

Understanding Confidence Intervals Inferential statistics gets its name from what happens in this branch of statistics. Rather than simply describe a set of data, inferential statistics seeks to infer something about a population on the basis of a statistical sample. One specific goal in inferential statistics involves the determination of the value of an unknown population parameter. The range of values that we use to estimate this parameter is called a confidence interval. The Form of a Confidence Interval A confidence interval consists of two parts. The first part is the estimate of the population parameter. We obtain this estimate by using a simple random sample. From this sample, we calculate the statistic that corresponds to the parameter that we wish to estimate. For example, if we were interested in the mean height of all first-grade students in the United States, we would use a simple random sample of U.S. first graders, measure all of them and then compute the mean height of our sample. The second part of a confidence interval is the margin of error. This is necessary because our estimate alone may be different from the true value of the population parameter. In order to allow for other potential values of the parameter, we need to produce a range of numbers. The margin of error does this, and every confidence interval is of the following form: Estimate  ± Margin of Error The estimate is in the center of the interval, and then we subtract and add the margin of error from this estimate to obtain a range of values for the parameter. Confidence Level Attached to every confidence interval is a level of confidence. This is a probability or percent that indicates how much certainty we should be attributed to our confidence interval. If all other aspects of a situation are identical, the higher the confidence level the wider the confidence interval. This level of confidence can lead to some confusion. It is not a statement about the sampling procedure or population. Instead, it is giving an indication of the success of the process of construction of a confidence interval. For example, confidence intervals with confidence of 80 percent will, in the long run, miss the true population parameter one out of every five times. Any number from zero to one could, in theory, be used for a confidence level. In practice 90 percent, 95 percent and 99 percent are all common confidence levels. Margin of Error The margin of error of a confidence level is determined by a couple of factors. We can see this by examining the formula for margin of error. A margin of error is of the form: Margin of Error (Statistic for Confidence Level) * (Standard Deviation/Error) The statistic for the confidence level depends upon what probability distribution is being used and what level of confidence we have chosen. For example, if Cis our confidence level and we are working with a normal distribution, then C is the area under the curve between -z* to z*. This number z* is the number in our margin of error formula. Standard Deviation or Standard Error The other term necessary in our margin of error is the standard deviation or standard error. The standard deviation of the distribution that we are working with is preferred here. However, typically parameters from the population are unknown. This number is not usually available when forming confidence intervals in practice. To deal with this uncertainty in knowing the standard deviation we instead use the standard error. The standard error that corresponds to a standard deviation is an estimate of this standard deviation. What makes the standard error so powerful is that it is calculated from the simple random sample that is used to calculate our estimate. No extra information is necessary as the sample does all of the estimation for us. Different Confidence Intervals There are a variety of different situations that call for confidence intervals. These confidence intervals are used to estimate a number of different parameters. Although these aspects are different, all of these confidence intervals are united by the same overall format. Some common confidence intervals are those for a population mean, population variance, population proportion, the difference of two population means and the difference of two population proportions.

Vatican II Marriage and Family (Catholic Religion) Essay

Vatican II Marriage and Family (Catholic Religion) - Essay Example The second reason was the mutual help both partners could give each other in the relationship. The third reason was that it provided legal cover for the couple to indulge in sex and release their carnal cravings. The husband was considered the head of the family, while the wife was looked upon as the nucleus, or heart of the family (Hill et al.). Pope Pius XI instigated a more personalized approach to marriage by the Church when in 1930 he wrote that the love shared between a husband and wife should occupy the greatest position in a marriage. Some European theologians added weight to the subject by proposing a more individualistic approach to marriage that stressed on human worthiness and the crucial importance of love in it. These developments laid the groundwork for the Second Vatican Council’s historical announcement (Hill et al.). The opening statement of the Second Vatican Council’s decree, â€Å"the joys and hopes, the grief and anguish of the people of our time, especially of those who are poor or afflicted, are the joys and hopes, the grief and anguish of the followers of Christ as well,† confirms the Church’s dedication to the people of the world and its determination to serve their needs. This statement is followed by a reference to the family, noting that nurturing healthy marriages and families is crucial to achieving personal and social well being (Hill et al.). The Second Vatican Council’s most dramatic proclamation was the Church as the â€Å"People of God.† Given the fact that the Church was earlier not identified with the laity but associated solely with the clergy and men and women religious, the proclamation departed from the traditional practice of viewing marriage as being a state of life for those who did not have vocations, admitting instead that married life was a genuine vocation in its own right. Vatican II added emphasis on the worthiness and respect of marriage by

Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) Essay

Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) - Essay Example Equally important, IT must deliver services that promote effectiveness in the use f information systems. (Thibodeau 16-16) A large part f the challenge is the fact that organizations continually implement new business processes, discard flawed ones, or extend and modify current practices. Business systems that automate and actuate these business processes are continually in flux. But that's only the beginning. IT managers are also haunted by the specter f rapid, unceasing, technological churn, especially when the option f not adopting the latest innovations might put them at a competitive disadvantage. Moreover, today's business systems, radically different from their less-sophisticated precursors, are extremely complex and highly networked, and must support a new breed f multicompany, business-to-business applications. Web services, commonly defined as Internet-based applications that perform some type f business task, add yet another twist. (McLaughlin 39-42) As either a supplier or user f Web services, system or service failure has the potential to damage brand equity, as well as customer (internal or external) and trading partner confidence. Ultimately, it falls to in-hou... Thankfully, there are techniques that can mitigate risk, reduce complexity, and lessen IT costs. To date, the best approach involves the use f some combination f industry standards and proven process models. The term "IT Service Management" encapsulates all f the standardized processes and best practices that can be systematically applied across the entire range f IT services and support functions, to deliver superior services, while reducing risks and effectively managing costs. The use f standards and process models, however, while necessary, is not sufficient for delivering critical business systems. Organizations must apply the various approaches in an architected and deliberate manner, based on practices that have proven themselves in the field time and again. Introduction to ITIL It has been long understood that the value f IT services to the enterprise is reduced if delivery is inadequate and costly, or if implementation puts the business at risk. It is equally well known that the ability to deliver high-quality, low-cost IT services is enhanced if those services are based on proven methodologies and best practices. (Steinberg 22-30) To that end, the Central Computer and Telecommunications Agency (CCTA) is a U.K. government agency chartered with development f best practice advice and guidance on the use f information technology in service management and operations. Beginning in the mid-1980s, the CCTA surveyed the leading information technology companies from around the world to document and validate best practices in the disciplines f IT service management. The IT Infrastructure Library, more commonly known as ITIL, captures and codifies the

Resolving and defining the barriers to communication

Resolving and defining the barriers to communication For any kind of communication to be successful, it is essential that the receiver attributes the same meaning to the message as intended by the sender of the message. But all acts of communication are not perfect or successful. At times, some meaning is lost as the message encounters various barriers along its passage between the sender and the receiver. Such barriers may arise at any of the stages through which a message passes during the process of communication. This is also called miscommunication. Some of the common problems that lead to the failure of communication are: noise, cultural differences, complexity of subject matter, personal biases, semantic problems, socio-psychological barriers, filtering, information overload, poor retention, poor listening, goal conflicts, slanting, inferring, etc. Barriers to communication can be classified as follows on the basis of the stage of the communication process during which the problem/s arise: a. Sender-oriented barriers: lack of planning, lack of clarity about the purpose of communication, improper choice of words resulting in a badly encoded message, difference in perception, wrong choice of the channel, unjustified presumptions, etc. b. Receiver-oriented barriers: poor listening, lack of interest, difference in perception, biased attitude, etc. c. Channel-oriented barriers: noise, wrong selection of medium, technical defects in the address system or the medium of communication chosen by the sender, time and distance, etc. We may define communication as a psycho-semantic process. Therefore, the barriers that affect the effectiveness of communication are mostly of social-psychological-linguistic nature. These factors may act upon any or all of the elements of the process of communication, that is, the sender or the receiver or the channel. And a common barrier for both the sender and the receiver can be the absence of a common frame of reference which often leads to the breakdown of communication in a specific situation. Common frame of reference is the context in which communication takes place. A well-defined context helps the sender and the receiver to comprehend the content of the message in a similar way, with regard to its implications and meaning. Many of the barriers listed above are easy to understand. But a few of them may require a detailed explanation. 4.2 TYPES OF BARRIERS Barriers to communication can be classified into the following broad categories: 1) Physical or environmental barriers, 2) Physiological or biological barriers, 3) Semantic or language barriers, 4) Personal barriers, 5) Emotional or perceptional barriers, 6) Socio-psychological barriers, 7) Cultural barriers, and 8) Organizational barriers. 4.2.1 PHYSICAL OR ENVIRONMENTAL BARRIERS Physical barriers are those barriers which are caused due to some technical defects in the media used for communication and/or due to certain disturbances in the surrounding environment. Often, the term noise is used as a blanket term to refer to the physical barriers in general. But noise, in its literal sense, is also one of the factors that give rise to the physical barriers during the process of communication. Besides noise, wrong selection of medium, lack of acoustics, poor lighting, frequent movements of hands, fiddling with a pen, or even serving of tea during an important conversation- all of these are also responsible for creating physical barriers in the communication process. a. Noise Noise is the first major barrier to communication. Communication is distorted by noise that crops up at the transmission level. The meaning attributed to the word noise in the field of Communication is derived from the realm of Physics. In Physics, noise refers to a disturbance, especially a random and persistent disturbance, which obscures or reduces the clarity of a signal. The modern-day connotation of the word noise is irrelevant or meaningless data as is apparent from its usage in the field of Computer Science. For example, the noise of the traffic around a school obstructs the smooth flow of information between the teacher and the students. It makes oral communication difficult. Similarly, poor signal or static while talking over the cell phone or while using the public address system or while watching TV also distorts the sound signals and disrupts communication. Bad weather conditions may also sometimes interfere with the transmission of signals and may lead to breakdown of the communication channels. As discussed above, noise is not only the disruption of sound signals, but it also includes all the barriers that may arise at any of the various stages of communication. In a broad sense, it denotes semantic barriers, perceptional barriers as well as psychological barriers. b. Time and Distance Time and distance may also obstruct the smooth flow of information. Today, because of technological advancements, we have faster means of communication available to us and this in turn has made the world a smaller place. But at times, these means of communication may not be easily accessible because of unavailability or due to technical/technological problems. This may lead not only to a physical but also a communication gap between the transmitter and the receiver. Time differences between people living in two different countries may affect communication between them. Even people working in different shifts in the same organization may also face problems in communicating effectively. Improper seating arrangement in a classroom or in a conference hall may also act as a barrier to effective communication as it is difficult to maintain eye contact with ones audience. Thus, communication can be successful only when the communicators manage to overcome the barriers by minimizing the obstacles that crop up due to spatial and temporal factors. c. Wrong Choice of Medium This can also create a barrier to effective communication. For example, if an expert uses charts or graphs or PowerPoint presentations to orient the illiterate workers or volunteers to a new method of working, they are bound to be ill-equipped to infer any information or instructions from such sophisticated presentations. d. Surroundings Adverse weather conditions affect not only the means of communication, but also have an impact on the sender and the receiver of the message. When two people have to communicate with each other under extreme weather conditions, whether too hot or too cold, their surroundings does have a direct repercussion on the effectiveness of the exchange that takes place between them. Thus, environmental factors determine peoples mood and also influence their mental agility and thereby their capacity to communicate effectively. Extreme heat and humidity make people either hyper or listless and thus cause immense stress which in turn affects clear thinking and the attitude of the communicator; whereas, extreme cold weather induces laziness and also impedes the ability to think clearly and respond sharply, thereby causing communication failure. 4.2.2 PHYSIOLOGICAL OR BIOLOGICAL BARRIERS Physiological barriers are related to a persons health and fitness. These may arise due to disabilities that may affect the physical capability of the sender or the receiver. For example, poor eyesight, deafness, uncontrolled body movements, etc. Physical defects in ones body may also disrupt communication. While communicating, a person uses- his vocal (speech) organs to produce sound/speech his hand and fingers to write his ears to take in the spoken words his eyes to absorb the written words Flawless functioning of these body organs is inevitable for effective communication to take place. In case of any defect in any of these organs, the successful completion of communication will be difficult to accomplish. Speaking can be adversely affected by stammering, fumbling, utterance of improper sounds due to defective vocal organ/s, etc. Listening can be rendered ineffective as a result of defective hearing. Deafness- total or partial- obstructs the absorption of sound signals. This leads to information loss. Writing can fail to convey the message successfully because of illegible handwriting due to hand injury, excessive trembling of the palm or fingers, numbness, etc. Reading can be affected due to poor eyesight. Defective vision impedes the reading ability of the receiver. Words may appear hazy, broken, overlapping, etc. to the receivers eye. To overcome such barriers, one must avail oneself of the necessary medical treatment (for defects in the body organs), therapy (to improve speech) or corrective aids (like hearing aid, spectacles, etc.). 4.2.3 SEMANTIC OR LANGUAGE BARRIERS Semantics is the systematic study of the meaning of words. Thus, the semantic barriers are barriers related to language. Such barriers are problems that arise during the process of encoding and/or decoding the message into words and ideas respectively. Both the oral and the written communication are based on words/symbols which are ambiguous in nature. Words/symbols may be used in several ways and may have several meanings. Unless the receiver knows the context, he may interpret the words/symbols according to his own level of understanding and may thus misinterpret the message. The most common semantic barriers are listed as under: a. Misinterpretation of Words Semantic problems often arise because of the gap between the meaning as intended by the sender and that as understood by the receiver. This happens when the receiver does not assign the same meaning to the word/symbol as the transmitter had intended. Words are capable of expressing a variety of meanings depending upon their usage, i.e. in the context in which they are used. The association between the word/symbol and the meaning assigned to it is of arbitrary nature. For example, the word yellow when used as an adjective can have multiple connotations depending upon its usage. Words have two levels of meaning- literal (descriptive) and metaphorical (qualitative). Yellow, besides being a primary colour, also stands for freshness, beauty, sickness, decay, etc. Hence, the receiver is free to interpret it in any of these ways based on his own imagination and experience. But for communication to be perfect, it is essential that the receiver must assign to it the same meaning which the sender had in his mind while encoding the message. Therefore, there is always a possibility of misinterpretation of the messages. Mostly, such problems arise when the sender does not use simple and clear words that can convey the exact meaning to the receiver. b. Use of Technical Language Technical or specialized language which is used by people or professionals who work in the same field is known as jargon. Such technical language can be a barrier to communication if the receiver of the message is not familiar with it. For example, in the computer jargon, to burn a CD means to copy the data on a CD. To a layman, the word burn may have a very different connotation. c. Ambiguity Ambiguity arises when the sender and the receiver of the message attribute different meanings to the same words or use different words to convey the same meaning. Sometimes, wrong and speculative assumptions also lead to ambiguity. A sender often assumes that his audience would perceive the situation as he does or have the same opinion about an issue or understand the message as he understands it, and so on. All such assumptions may turn out to be wrong and cause communication failure. 4.2.4 PERSONAL BARRIERS Communication is interpersonal in nature. Thus, there are certain barriers that are directly linked to the persons involved in the communication process, i.e. the sender and the receiver, which influence the accurate transfer of the message. These are called personal barriers. Personal barriers have to do with the age, education, interests and needs or intentions that differ from person to person. When one communicates, s/he addresses an audience that may belong to different age-groups. With age, ones choices, preferences and interests undergo enormous changes. So one has to consider this factor while communicating in order to check the possibility of communication failure. Difference in education is another important factor. It determines the senders ability to think, to form an intelligible message and to convey it successfully. On the other hand, it also influences the receivers capability to read/listen, to understand and to respond to the message that he receives. Thus, difference in education can hamper the successful encoding and/or decoding of the message, if proper care is not taken by the sender and/or the receiver. In any business organization, the attitude of the superiors and the subordinates play a vital role in determining the success of communication. If the superiors have a hostile attitude, then there are chances that they may filter the information or manipulate the message, sometimes intentionally, in order to achieve certain selfish motives. Many superiors are not open to suggestions and feedback as they presume that their subordinates are not capable of advising them. Also, they often tend to keep too busy with work and do not pay much attention to communication. Due to this, the downward flow of information within the organization is badly affected and this in turn leads to poor performance. Besides, the superiors often exercise their authority by insisting that the subordinates should approach them only through proper formal channels of communication. If, under any circumstances, the subordinates try to communicate to the superiors directly, then they may take offense as they perceive such an attempt as a challenge to their position of power. Such an attitude thus becomes a barrier to effective communication. On the other hand, there are certain factors that influence the participation of the subordinates in upward communication. Lack of confidence and fear are the primary reasons why the subordinates fail to communicate openly and comfortably with the superiors. If they feel that some information may, in some way, harm their prospect/interest in the organization, then they prefer to conceal such information. In case, if that is not possible, then they filter the information so that they cannot be held responsible for the same. Moreover, when the superiors do not support the active involvement of the subordinates in the functioning of the organization by encouraging them to exchange their ideas and to give suggestions that would contribute to the success of the organization, the subordinates become indifferent to such reciprocity and this creates a barrier to upward communication. If the subordinates feel that their ideas and suggestions are of no value to the superiors, then they do not feel motivated to convey the same. Therefore, on the basis of the above discussion, we may conclude that personal barriers have their origin in the attitude of the sender as well as the receiver. Personal barriers often lead to distortion, filtering, and omission of information and thus have an adverse effect on the fidelity of communication. 4.2.5 EMOTIONAL OR PERCEPTIONAL BARRIERS Emotional or perceptional barriers are closely associated with personal barriers. Personal barriers arise from motives and attitudes (as seen above), whereas emotional or perceptional barriers have an added dimension that includes sentiments and emotions as well. If the receiver does not evaluate the information with an open mind, i.e. objectively, his judgment/evaluation would be colored with his biases and/or his emotions, thus inducing him to read too much into a message. This would interfere with the exact transfer of information and cause misinterpretation. Such a barrier may also emerge at the time of encoding the message. Over enthusiasm on the part of the sender may lead him to invest his message with meaning/s which he may actually not have intended to. Besides, too much aggression or passivity on the part of either the sender or the receiver, while communicating, also has an adverse effect on the success of communication. Also, too much of emotion thwarts reason and sometimes, the communicator, blinded by his own sentiments, makes impulsive judgments or illogical decisions. This also results in the breakdown of communication. Indolence, apathy, or the tendency to procrastinate, either on the part of the sender or the receiver, also lead to withholding of important information thus creating a barrier. Extreme emotions like euphoria, excitement, anger, stress, depression, etc. also get in the way of effective communication. All these factors may create biases in the mind of the sender or the receiver. Therefore, the sender and the receiver may encode and decode the message respectively as per their own perceptions, background, needs, experience, etc. And this leads to a distinct kind of exchange of ideas and feedback as well. They tend to obfuscate the reality and see what they want to see. This is also one kind of filtering that takes place during the communication process. 4.2.6 SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS Socio-psychological barriers can also be considered as one of the offshoots of the personal barriers, akin to the perceptional barriers. We need to study it as a subcategory of personal barriers because a persons attitude is shaped not only by his instincts and emotions, but also by his approach towards and his interaction with the people around him, and hence the need for this fine distinction between the personal, the perceptional and the socio-psychological barriers. a. Status Consciousness To begin with, the consciousness of ones position in an organization has an effect on the two-way flow of communication. A vertical channel of communication is present in every organization, but its efficacy is heavily influenced by the relationship between the superiors and the subordinates. Though many organizations are now becoming accustomed to the open door policy, the psychological distance between the superiors and the subordinates still prevails. Status consciousness is thus one of the major barriers to successful communication. b. Difference in Perception Moreover, in a communication situation, the communicators have to deal with two aspects of the reality- the one as they see it and the other as they perceive it. The mind filters the message i.e. the words/symbols/ signs and attributes meaning to them, according to individual perception. Each individual has his own distinctive filter, formed by his/her experiences, emotional makeup, knowledge, and mindset which s/he has attained over a period of time. Because of this difference in perceptions, different individuals respond to the same word/symbol/sign based on their own understanding of the situation and ascribe meaning to it on the basis of their unique filter. At times, this difference in perception causes communication gap, i.e. distortion, in the message. In face-to-face communication, this gap can be easily eliminated as there is immediate feedback. But in written communication, the semantic gap between the intended meaning and the interpreted meaning remains unidentified, as the feedback is delayed or sometimes there is no feedback at all. c. Prejudices Besides, a person with deeply ingrained prejudices is very difficult to communicate with. He is not responsive to discussion or to new ideas, information, viewpoints and opinions. He has a closed mind and tends to react antagonistically, thus ruling out all possibilities of communication. An unreceptive mind can, hence, be a great barrier in communication. To overcome this barrier, people should be receptive of new ideas and must learn to listen considerately with an open mind. d. Halo/Horn Effect Also, sometimes the listener may be too much in awe of or may completely distrust a speaker. In both these situations, the chances of success of the communication are very less. e. Information Overload Furthermore, information overload leads to poor retention and causes information loss. So, whenever there is some important information to be conveyed, the communicators must use the written channel of communication. On the basis of the above discussion, we may thus conclude that the socio-psychological factors do have a profound impact on the effectiveness of communication. 4.2.7 CULTURAL BARRIERS Culture is the totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought. Culture is learned and shared within social groups and is transmitted by non-genetic means. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2005) From this definition, we can infer that culture is the sum total of ideas, customs, arts, rituals, skills, etc. of a group of people. It is handed down from generation to generation in the form of conventions, traditions, rules, codes of conduct, etc. To put it simply, culture is the shared ways in which groups of people understand and interpret the world. (F. Trompenaars, Riding the Waves of Culture: Understanding Diversity in Global Business; 1994) Each group, categorized on the basis of nationality, ethnicity, race, religion, etc. has its own distinctive culture. Thus, there are varied subcultures that co-exist within a major culture. Such immense cultural diversity plays a very crucial role in communication as it has an extensive influence on both verbal and non-verbal communication and may therefore create barriers to effective communication. Cultural differences give rise to a great deal of complexity in the encoding and the decoding of messages not only because of the difference in languages, but also because of plenty of culture-specific assumptions at work in the mind of the sender as well as the receiver. People belonging to different cultures may attach different meanings to words, symbols, gestures, and behaviour or they may perceive each others social values, body language, attitude to space distancing and time, social behaviour and manners, etc., i.e. the entire culture in general, very differently depending upon their own standards, attitudes, customs, prejudices, opinions, behavioral norms, etc., i.e. their own distinct culture. Thus, cultural barriers arise when people belonging to different cultures insist on preserving their cultural identities and at times, judge the other cultures as inferior to their own. (For a detailed discussion on the various elements that can create cultural barriers, refer Chapter 6 International Communication) 4.2.8 ORGANIZATIONAL BARRIERS Organizational structure greatly influences the flow of information within an organization. Some major organizational barriers are as follows: a. Goal Conflicts There may be goal conflicts within the organization between the superiors and the subordinates, among people working in the different departments, among the colleagues, etc. This may create a hostile atmosphere within the organization and can lead to serious communication breakdown. b. Organizational Policies These are also to a great extent responsible for determining the kind of rapport that people working in the same organization share with each other. If the organizational policy is such that it restricts the free flow of information in all directions (refer Chapter 7 Formal and Informal Networks of Communication), then communication would not be successful. In some organizations, there may be rules to restrict the flow of certain messages and this may deter employees from conveying those messages, however important they may be. If an organization favours the open door policy, the subordinates would not feel shy or reluctant to approach their superiors directly. But in the organizations where the formal channels of communication have to be strictly adhered to, the superiors and the subordinates share an awkward relationship. They experience a lot of discomfiture while interacting with each other. Because of this, the objective of communication may never be accomplished. c. Organizational Hierarchy The hierarchical structure of the organization may also impede the flow of information and this can cause delay in taking decisions. When the message passes along the chain of command in an organization, there are chances of filtering and distortion of the message at almost every level before it reaches the intended receiver. Thus, the hierarchical structure of the organization is also one of the important factors that may create a barrier to effective communication. Barriers to effective communication can be summarized as under: Physical Barriers: sound, sight, size, light, location, distance, time, surroundings, environment, infrastructural facilities, etc. Physiological Barriers: Speaking- stammering, fumbling, utterance of improper sounds due to defect in speech, etc. Listening- hearing impairment, deafness, etc. Writing- illegible handwriting due to uncontrolled hand movements like trembling, numbness, etc. Reading- difficulty in reading due to poor eyesight, perceiving the written words as hazy, unclear and overlapping, etc. Differential Barriers: difference in age, education, needs, interests, intention or purpose creating a communication gap between the speaker/writer and the listener/reader. Intellectual Barriers: use of foreign language, pronunciation, style, tone, vocabulary, etc. Socio-Cultural Barriers: race, religion, culture, habits, behaviour, social values and manners, etc. Psychological Barriers: attitude, mood, temperament, ego, prejudice, jealousy, rivalry, nervousness, excitement, etc. Organizational Barriers: status, hierarchy, policies, filtering, manipulation, etc. On the basis of the above discussion, we may thus sum up that barriers to communication are the aspects of or conditions in a workplace- such as status differences, gender differences, cultural differences, prejudices, and the organizational environment- that interfere with effective exchange of ideas or thoughts. (Business Dictionary) However, there are certain specific strategies that can help us to surmount these obstacles and achieve the purpose of communication. These are discussed in detail in the following section. 4.3 OVERCOMING THE BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION On the basis of the various kinds of communication barriers listed in the previous section, let us now discuss certain strategies that would help us to overcome these barriers and thus improve communication. As effective communication is essential for the success of a business organization, the communicators must take care to remove the barriers in the way of communication, to the best extent possible. In communication, it is not enough only to know the message. For communication to be complete, the message must be understood by the audience. The communicator shares his message through the medium of words- spoken or written, through gestures, through symbols, etc. Thus, from this we can infer that communication, whether verbal or nonverbal, is symbolic in nature. These two aspects of communication determine the fundamental difference between effective and ineffective communication. If an idea/information is known to but not fully understood by the receiver, then the communication will be ineffective. The sender can know whether the message has been understood by the receiver through his response, i.e. feedback. The following are some general guidelines for the sender and the receiver of the message: For the Sender of the Message At the very outset, that the sender should reveal the purpose of his message and the important topics that he would deal with. By doing so, he prepares the receiver for what is to follow. This helps the receiver to identify the main points of the message, to recognize the link among the important ideas that the message contains and to organize them in a meaningful pattern in his mind. The message should be compact and the sender should concentrate exclusively on the main ideas or information that he intends to convey. Likewise, the sender should situate his ideas in an appropriate context so that the audience will evaluate and interpret them within that common frame of reference which the sender has indicated or suggested. While communicating, the sender should, at all times, emphasize the important points of the message with the help of bulleted lists, chart, graphs, illustrations, body language, tone, pitch, etc. He should also provide a summary at the end of his presentation or write-up. This will help the receiver to grasp the overall meaning of the message, thus making it easy to understand the various parts, i.e. ideas, in relation to the overall framework. The sender should arrange the ideas/information in such a way that it is appealing to the audiences visual and/or auditory senses. In written communication, the writer may make use of an attractive layout and good quality paper to attract the readers attention. While communicating orally, the sender must take care to minimize noise. He should make sure that his surroundings are well-equipped with the necessary acoustics. He should pay special attention to his facial expressions, gesture, and eye contact with the audience at the time of delivering the message. The sender should be clear about why he wants to communicate and his message should be precise and well-structured. He should take care to select an appropriate channel or medium so that the impact of message is not lost in transmission. He should send his message through an effective channel i.e. keeping in mind his audience and the purpose of the message and should select a channel where there are less chances of distortion. The sender should avoid using grandiloquent words in order to avoid the possibility of misinterpretation of the overall meaning of the message. The sender should neither burden the receiver with information overload nor should he provide him too little information. He should identify his audience before encoding the message so that he knows what his audience may already know and in what context he should place his message. The sender should formulate and deliver his message in such a way that it retains the audiences interest in what he intends to convey. He should do away with all his prejudices and preconceived notions and must communicate clearly and with an open mind. All these would enable him to have an audience-centric approach while encoding his message. For the Receiver of the Message In the initial stage of the communication process, the onus is entirely on the sender of the message. But in the later stage, the receiver plays an active role once he starts absorbing and processing the information in his mind. Thus, the receiver of the message also plays an equally important role in the successful completion of communication. Not all barriers are sender-oriented. The barriers arising from the side of the receiver are known as receiver-oriented barriers. The foremo

Mobile Phone

What is the invention which impacted on the world most? In today's world, with the growing technologies, the investments became more high qualities, such as small, light and faster. Some people state that the most important investments in these days is global transportations which gives us more opportunities to travel more faster and to visit more varieties of places in the world. Other people might say that is a computer which gives us the way to do calculation aster and to connect societies all over the world.Even though the great number of investments exists in contemporary word, I personally convinced that the world most important investment is the smart phone. I give several examples and ideas to support my ideas. First of all, the merits of smart phones are their great number of functions that it possesses. Needless to say people can send massages and call to others with smart phone, but also there are many functions: such as voice record, music library, time peer.Furthermore t he phones offer many kinds of unique and convenient applications. For example, one of the unique applications, which called cook pad, show and teach information for the food recipe. As I am living alone, this applications often helps me a lot to create new kinds of dishes that I have never cooked. There are so many applications and still they are published new applications day by day. Therefore it is likely to find the applications that you might like.In addition, if we try to have all kinds of those applications without smart phones, the material total weight would be so many that we could not carry them in daily life. Thus, smart phone also help us to live in a convenient life. Moreover, the smart phones play a great roll for connecting people all over the world. I It is true that computers have such kinds of functions, which is internet, however because of their size and weight ,computers are not easy to bring with us in the daily life.On the contrary, the size of smart phones ar e usually pocket size that people can bring with anytime they want. This makes people get closer and obtain more opportunities to communicate each other without carrying heavy computers. In conclusion, it is true that smart phone have possibilities that we will be addictive users for their great functions, however I personally convinced that demerits are out weight for its merits. Above the reasons I recommend the smart phone is the vest investments in the world. Mobile Phone What is the invention which impacted on the world most? In today's world, with the growing technologies, the investments became more high qualities, such as small, light and faster. Some people state that the most important investments in these days is global transportations which gives us more opportunities to travel more faster and to visit more varieties of places in the world. Other people might say that is a computer which gives us the way to do calculation aster and to connect societies all over the world.Even though the great number of investments exists in contemporary word, I personally convinced that the world most important investment is the smart phone. I give several examples and ideas to support my ideas. First of all, the merits of smart phones are their great number of functions that it possesses. Needless to say people can send massages and call to others with smart phone, but also there are many functions: such as voice record, music library, time peer.Furthermore t he phones offer many kinds of unique and convenient applications. For example, one of the unique applications, which called cook pad, show and teach information for the food recipe. As I am living alone, this applications often helps me a lot to create new kinds of dishes that I have never cooked. There are so many applications and still they are published new applications day by day. Therefore it is likely to find the applications that you might like.In addition, if we try to have all kinds of those applications without smart phones, the material total weight would be so many that we could not carry them in daily life. Thus, smart phone also help us to live in a convenient life. Moreover, the smart phones play a great roll for connecting people all over the world. I It is true that computers have such kinds of functions, which is internet, however because of their size and weight ,computers are not easy to bring with us in the daily life.On the contrary, the size of smart phones ar e usually pocket size that people can bring with anytime they want. This makes people get closer and obtain more opportunities to communicate each other without carrying heavy computers. In conclusion, it is true that smart phone have possibilities that we will be addictive users for their great functions, however I personally convinced that demerits are out weight for its merits. Above the reasons I recommend the smart phone is the vest investments in the world. Mobile Phone Dangerous automobile drivers Introduced by Mr. Kumpol Pijadee Cars become the most important vehicle which provides passengers convenience. When the com/drivers-ed/">drivers hasten to work or to anywhere with any reason, they increase the speeds for arrive at a destination faster. In addition, some drivers occur on a cell-phone calling people. Imagine, one hand carries the phone and another hand holds a wheel or both hands drive the wheel but the phone is pinched between an ear and a shoulder. During the call, drivers concentrate on the phone talking more than the car controlling.Furthermore, teenager drivers increase gradually. Teenagers retain inexperience of driving along with techniques and awareness. Indeed, dangerous automobile drivers cause a majority of vehicle accidents. The first dangerous drivers belong to speeding drivers. Many reasons result people driving very fast for example, people who want to arrive at the destination faster or get angry with other car which slow tr affic. The exceedingly speed reduces drivers’ car control ability. When the car control fails, the car crashes.Besides, in the case of objects fall from the front car or truck, the following car may hit that object because driver fails to stop the car since to stop the car need longer stopping distance than usual. Accident compelled by changing direction immediately for avoids hitting the object mentioned occurs when the car speed grows. Finally, the results of accidents cause by car speed drivers lead the loss of properties and other drivers’ lives. Next dangerous drivers consist of cell phone users. Most of people use cell phones everywhere as possible such as while having launch, reading or driving.Nevertheless, talking on the phone or texting while driving seems to be the most endanger accident factor. Using cell phones while driving attracts drivers’ attention from controlling a car or concentrating a way; therefore, the drivers may not realize what appears on the way or notice another car in the same direction. According to an article on a website edgarsnyder. com, in Pennsylvania, 1 of 52 states of America â€Å"Drivers are prohibited from using interactive wireless devices – including cell phones, mart phones, etc. – to text while their vehicle is in motion† This means using cell phone while driving emerge as illegal for all drivers in Pennsylvania. The statement shows clearly that people aware of accident in cell phone using while driving and try to solve the problem. The last dangerous drivers who can result accident involve teenagers. Teenagers retain inexperience of driving, techniques and awareness. According to statistics on a website: cdc. gov, teenagers underestimate dangerous situations.Many driving situations can lead to accident such as passing at the critical condition or passing in the curve. Passing at critical condition means lots of cars staying in a same or an opposite direction and getting clo sed to each other. Each one needs their space to drive but someone wants to pass. Another factor involves passing in the curve. The curve conceals another car which comes on the opposite lane so drivers never see other cars in the curve. Teenagers allow too short in the distance from the front of their vehicles to the front of the next.Teenagers possess lack of awareness. The statistics mentioned says that teenagers have the lowest rate of seat belt use. In short, all of vehicles provide us convenience. However, many of those drivers who drive their car recklessly result accident on the road including driving too fast, talking on cell phone and teenagers who possess less experience of driving can also cause accident. With these situations, people need to be aware of accident and drive carefully. This may decrease car accident ratio to satisfy levels. Mobile Phone Dangerous automobile drivers Introduced by Mr. Kumpol Pijadee Cars become the most important vehicle which provides passengers convenience. When the com/drivers-ed/">drivers hasten to work or to anywhere with any reason, they increase the speeds for arrive at a destination faster. In addition, some drivers occur on a cell-phone calling people. Imagine, one hand carries the phone and another hand holds a wheel or both hands drive the wheel but the phone is pinched between an ear and a shoulder. During the call, drivers concentrate on the phone talking more than the car controlling.Furthermore, teenager drivers increase gradually. Teenagers retain inexperience of driving along with techniques and awareness. Indeed, dangerous automobile drivers cause a majority of vehicle accidents. The first dangerous drivers belong to speeding drivers. Many reasons result people driving very fast for example, people who want to arrive at the destination faster or get angry with other car which slow tr affic. The exceedingly speed reduces drivers’ car control ability. When the car control fails, the car crashes.Besides, in the case of objects fall from the front car or truck, the following car may hit that object because driver fails to stop the car since to stop the car need longer stopping distance than usual. Accident compelled by changing direction immediately for avoids hitting the object mentioned occurs when the car speed grows. Finally, the results of accidents cause by car speed drivers lead the loss of properties and other drivers’ lives. Next dangerous drivers consist of cell phone users. Most of people use cell phones everywhere as possible such as while having launch, reading or driving.Nevertheless, talking on the phone or texting while driving seems to be the most endanger accident factor. Using cell phones while driving attracts drivers’ attention from controlling a car or concentrating a way; therefore, the drivers may not realize what appears on the way or notice another car in the same direction. According to an article on a website edgarsnyder. com, in Pennsylvania, 1 of 52 states of America â€Å"Drivers are prohibited from using interactive wireless devices – including cell phones, mart phones, etc. – to text while their vehicle is in motion† This means using cell phone while driving emerge as illegal for all drivers in Pennsylvania. The statement shows clearly that people aware of accident in cell phone using while driving and try to solve the problem. The last dangerous drivers who can result accident involve teenagers. Teenagers retain inexperience of driving, techniques and awareness. According to statistics on a website: cdc. gov, teenagers underestimate dangerous situations.Many driving situations can lead to accident such as passing at the critical condition or passing in the curve. Passing at critical condition means lots of cars staying in a same or an opposite direction and getting clo sed to each other. Each one needs their space to drive but someone wants to pass. Another factor involves passing in the curve. The curve conceals another car which comes on the opposite lane so drivers never see other cars in the curve. Teenagers allow too short in the distance from the front of their vehicles to the front of the next.Teenagers possess lack of awareness. The statistics mentioned says that teenagers have the lowest rate of seat belt use. In short, all of vehicles provide us convenience. However, many of those drivers who drive their car recklessly result accident on the road including driving too fast, talking on cell phone and teenagers who possess less experience of driving can also cause accident. With these situations, people need to be aware of accident and drive carefully. This may decrease car accident ratio to satisfy levels. Mobile Phone Dangerous automobile drivers Introduced by Mr. Kumpol Pijadee Cars become the most important vehicle which provides passengers convenience. When the com/drivers-ed/">drivers hasten to work or to anywhere with any reason, they increase the speeds for arrive at a destination faster. In addition, some drivers occur on a cell-phone calling people. Imagine, one hand carries the phone and another hand holds a wheel or both hands drive the wheel but the phone is pinched between an ear and a shoulder. During the call, drivers concentrate on the phone talking more than the car controlling.Furthermore, teenager drivers increase gradually. Teenagers retain inexperience of driving along with techniques and awareness. Indeed, dangerous automobile drivers cause a majority of vehicle accidents. The first dangerous drivers belong to speeding drivers. Many reasons result people driving very fast for example, people who want to arrive at the destination faster or get angry with other car which slow tr affic. The exceedingly speed reduces drivers’ car control ability. When the car control fails, the car crashes.Besides, in the case of objects fall from the front car or truck, the following car may hit that object because driver fails to stop the car since to stop the car need longer stopping distance than usual. Accident compelled by changing direction immediately for avoids hitting the object mentioned occurs when the car speed grows. Finally, the results of accidents cause by car speed drivers lead the loss of properties and other drivers’ lives. Next dangerous drivers consist of cell phone users. Most of people use cell phones everywhere as possible such as while having launch, reading or driving.Nevertheless, talking on the phone or texting while driving seems to be the most endanger accident factor. Using cell phones while driving attracts drivers’ attention from controlling a car or concentrating a way; therefore, the drivers may not realize what appears on the way or notice another car in the same direction. According to an article on a website edgarsnyder. com, in Pennsylvania, 1 of 52 states of America â€Å"Drivers are prohibited from using interactive wireless devices – including cell phones, mart phones, etc. – to text while their vehicle is in motion† This means using cell phone while driving emerge as illegal for all drivers in Pennsylvania. The statement shows clearly that people aware of accident in cell phone using while driving and try to solve the problem. The last dangerous drivers who can result accident involve teenagers. Teenagers retain inexperience of driving, techniques and awareness. According to statistics on a website: cdc. gov, teenagers underestimate dangerous situations.Many driving situations can lead to accident such as passing at the critical condition or passing in the curve. Passing at critical condition means lots of cars staying in a same or an opposite direction and getting clo sed to each other. Each one needs their space to drive but someone wants to pass. Another factor involves passing in the curve. The curve conceals another car which comes on the opposite lane so drivers never see other cars in the curve. Teenagers allow too short in the distance from the front of their vehicles to the front of the next.Teenagers possess lack of awareness. The statistics mentioned says that teenagers have the lowest rate of seat belt use. In short, all of vehicles provide us convenience. However, many of those drivers who drive their car recklessly result accident on the road including driving too fast, talking on cell phone and teenagers who possess less experience of driving can also cause accident. With these situations, people need to be aware of accident and drive carefully. This may decrease car accident ratio to satisfy levels.