Technology And The Criminal Justice System - 1009 Words

Within the last ten years, there have been significant advancements in technology which has in turn changed and increased the type of crimes in today’s society. With the new technology, the criminals are ready to exploit it. So therefore, the future direction of crime fighting and its role in social policy implication are geared toward the advancements of technology. For criminal justice system to intervene, deter, or prevent crimes, they must be equipped with the latest technologies. Advancements to technology within the criminal justice system have a significant effect on the courts, making policies, and the correction facilities. These technologies have provided the police officers and other law enforcement officers with†¦show more content†¦Based on Dauphin County First Assistant District Attorney Fran Chardo, â€Å"We become a very electronic-oriented society.† (Marc Goodman). With this increase usage of electronic, we see a new set of criminals and crimes. With the cellular telephone, criminals use it, not only to communicate with one another, but also to target people and as a triggering device. For example, if the criminals are searching for someone they can text each other with the description of a person and then upon verification proceed with an order, possible death. With this same cellular telephone technology, law enforcement can use someone’s cellular telephone to track their movements or identify their location to help with investigations. The new set of crimes is cybercrimes. A cybercrime is any crime that involves the use of computer or the manipulation of digital data. Zackary J. Miller, section Chief of the FBI’s Cyber Criminal Division stated, â€Å"I think there is a growing cybercrime problem that we are continuing to chase a bit behind the curve†¦ bank robbery and fraud are all facilitated by the internet.† (Bernice Young, 2011). There are five types of computer crimes: (1). i nternal computer crimes, such as viruses; (2). internet and telecommunication, which is hacking; (3). criminal enterprises, databases supporting drug distribution; (4). computer manipulation, embezzlement; and (5). hardware, software, and information theft. (Schmalleger,

Trend in Heritage Tourism Free Essays

string(45) " used to target a selective of participants\." Are the trends in Heritage tourism having an effect on world Heritage sites? | | Abstract Using in depth secondary research this paper aims to examine the impacts of heritage tourism to various heritage sites in terms of potential threats and opportunities associated with tourism development and growth. In addition there will be an analysing of the research methodologies used in order to identify theoretical framework surrounding area of study to clarify the outcomes of results. With effective management and planning heritage tourism can contribute to the local economy as well as the preservation and restoration of the historical monuments at the same time connecting the local culture, which represents a significant period of human history, with global cultures. We will write a custom essay sample on Trend in Heritage Tourism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although benefits of this type of tourism do exist there are various issues apparent at numerous historical sites. This study focuses on the concept of sustainability in terms of understanding the implications of tourism to built heritage and its surroundings. nd the local culture, as well as to the development of the communities if planning and management is that dwell therein in terms of planning and management in order to restore, preserve historical monuments at the same time understand Abstract Using in depth secondary research this paper aims to examine the impacts of heritage tourism to various heritage sites in terms of potential threats and opportunities associated with tourism development and growth. In addition there will be an analysing of the research methodologies used in order to identify theoretical framework surrounding area of study to clarify the outcomes of results. With effective management and planning heritage tourism can contribute to the local economy as well as the preservation and restoration of the historical monuments at the same time connecting the local culture, which represents a significant period of human history, with global cultures. Although benefits of this type of tourism do exist there are various issues apparent at numerous historical sites. This study focuses on the concept of sustainability in terms of understanding the implications of tourism to built heritage and its surroundings. nd the local culture, as well as to the development of the communities if planning and management is that dwell therein in terms of planning and management in order to restore, preserve historical monuments at the same time understand | | | Introduction A catalyst for poverty alleviation, tourism is considered to be one of the world’s largest industries, as it acts as a key driver for development through foreign exchange earnings and the formation of direct and indirect employment WTO (2012, a). Tourism contributes 5% of the world’s GDP and accounts for 6% of the world’s exports in services, making it the fourth largest export sector after fuels, chemicals and automotive products. Tourism is accountable for 235 million jobs or one in every 12 jobs globally (WTO 2012, a). With a record of 705 million tourists up to August 2012, global tourism is to rise to 1billion by the end of 2012(WTO, 2012, b). In 2007, cultural tourism accounted for 40% of all international tourism (Mintel, 2010). These results produced are highly adequate as they directly came from WTO whom monitors the trends of tourism and provide an up to date statistic analysis in a timely mode in order understand the affects and impacts of tourism on a global level. The results from Mintel can be considered reliable as information was influenced by organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) tourism committee whom activity aims at promoting the culture of evaluation in tourism. As the growth in tourism can help sustain cultural heritage sites, but has severe consequences, since immense growth can affect the configuration of cultural sites and monuments as they are becoming heavily congested by tourist. Discussions and analysis of key theories and interpretation of research methods Heritage mainly represents the past and the future, its meaning is associated with the word in heritance which basically explains when something is passed from one generation to the next generation. Heritage acts as a carrier of historical values from the past, which can be viewed as part of the cultural tradition. Therefore the linkage between heritage and tourism exist by reconstructing the past in the present through interpretation i. e. cultural brokers (Nuryanti,1996). Heritage tourism is a form of special interest tourism (Nuryanti,1996). Heritage can be a form of living or built elements of culture which has intangible or tangible features such as buildings, locations, cuisines and arts and crafts (Timothy and Nyaupane, 2009). The academic adapted these view by exploring various tourism related journals. This may be reliable as they are peer viewed by other academics and experts round the area of study. This type of research method can help when trying to understand a specific study area before it can progress to any other research methods. However journals may not be able to answer a specific question that needs to be investigated as it has been created around the academics particular area of study, answering questions that the academics are particularly researching or investigating around. According to Zepal and Hall (1991) heritage tourism motivations are based on ‘’nostalgia for the past and the desire to experience diverse cultural landscapes and forms†. This quote may not be factual but rather the author’s perspectives as the postmodern tourist may have influence by other motives. The motives to visit cultural historical sites were influenced by having a curiosity in history, visiting cultural attractions/events and visiting a historical attractions/events (Kolar and zabkar,2010 cited in Swarbrooke,1999). Cultural motivations can give an idea of what precedes authentic experiences (Kolar and zabkar,2010). This information was obtained by the means of conducting a survey on 25 Romanesque heritage sites in four European countries. The results identified that cultural motivation is significant subsequent of both object-based and existential authenticity, which in turn influences tourist perceptions. Although surveys can be gathered quickly and administered easily, response rates can be bias as the results of a survey are randomly sampled, normally used to target a selective of participants. You read "Trend in Heritage Tourism" in category "Papers" Furthermore the results were only generalizing on specific heritage settings. This makes it difficult to identify if tourists have similar experiences and perceptions in other heritage settings. An idea of the motivations and behaviours of heritage tourists are, essential if the impacts on heritage sites are to be managed sustainably (Kolar and zabkar, 2010). Heritage tourism can create employment, alleviate poverty, curb rural flight migration, and increase community empowerment. The dynamic characteristics of tourism can contribute to preserving and enhancing intangible and tangible cultural heritage. However Intangible and tangible cultural assets whether it is built or a living must be analyzed and managed well in order to flourish in an increasingly globalized world. However this relies on stake holder’s involvement such as the partnerships between communities and the tourism and heritage industries. This is because the genuine appreciation for the aspirations and values of all parties can influence the survival of heritage tourism (UNWTO, 2012). This information can be considered as accurate as UNWTO monitor cultural tourism activities and are able to understand the implications of tourism through observations of tourist flows and tourism developments in various heritage sites, in addition working with various stake holders and tourism departments. UNESCO adopted the convention concerning the protection of the world cultural and natural heritage sites in 1972(Garrod and Fyall, 2009). Since then there has been 936 designated world heritage sites located in 159 states party. The aim of the convention is to â€Å"ensure the identification, protection, conservation, presentation and transmission to future generations of cultural and natural heritage of outstanding universal value† (Garrod and Fyall, 2009 cited in UNESCO, 2008:2). The information produce can be considered accurate as it was obtained from UNESCO published documents which is based on factual information rather than ones opinion. However it has been debated that the world Heritage listings has had an influenced in the increase in visitor numbers to world heritage sites. Considerable growth in tourist interest has been distinguished as a driving aspect in latest world heritage selections (Landorf 2009 cited in Jones Munday, 2001). This information was conducted by observations of tourist movements to six heritage sites in the UK. However as this type of research gathered is a form of observation it may be considered as a genuine approach as visitors do not notice that they are being watch so they would act to their normal nature. This approach allows you to understanding certain tourist’s behaviour patterns which can be based on Mathieson and Wall (1982) consumer buying behaviour model. The research associated with the Mathieson and Wall (1982) consumer buying behaviour model can be considered out dated as it does not look into the current perspectives of geographical approaches to understanding consumer behaviour. A more current consumer behaviour model will need to be adapted in order to understand today’s tourists as they may differ from the past tourists. Tourism might place stress on world heritage sites which growth, is intensified by which contradicts the standards at the core of the World Heritage Convention, which emphasis that world heritage sites should maintain a function in current community life at the same time being preserved for transmission to future generations (UNESCO, 1972, b). In this case it is a vital issue that tourism activities should be sustainable in order to allow sites that gain world heritage status to maintain their status (Garrod Fyall, 2000). The information was conducted using desk top research. This information may be bias as it is based on expert’s personal opinions. Tourism may not be the best solution for the development of heritage sites unless planning is involved. Heritage tourism can influence community developments. For example Wadi Al-Hitan in Egypt, witnessed small scale developments by local communities supplying most of the services available to the visitor’s experiences. Management of the heritage site worked closely with locals of the site to develop their capacity in regards to the site but also with regards to developing their skills for providing these services to the tourists i. e. tour guides. A positive outcome has been associated with this is economic development of local communities due to well-planned tourism at Wadi Al Hitan. The Canaima National Park in Venezuela and Shiretoko in Japan are other examples of sites that also demonstrate good methods for community involvement and collaboration and hence development of heritage sites (Borges et al, 2011). This information was collected by taking notes from the interviews from experts in this area of study. Interviews are very effective if conducted using appropriate questions in order to get an instant answer to your questions raised. This method of research is beneficial as it can validate information that already exists. The results for this interview did indicate that there are some positive outcomes for heritage tourism if managed well, however stakeholders will have to involve to community for it to be successful. Although tourism is normally honoured for being able to reconcile conservation and development goals in or near protected areas, there are existing negative impacts that are affecting world heritage sites status. For example Machu Picchu in Peru faces pressure from 900,000 annual tourists who visit the ancient Inca city. The tourists place a threat on the ecological integrity, physical body and cultural authenticity of the world heritage site and surrounding areas, including the Inca Trail (Larson and Poudyal, 2012). Information was influenced by Andean tour operators. As they are recognised tour operator this type of research approach is good, as they will have connections with other tourism related institutions in order to understand what is going on in particular countries in terms of tourist flows and impacts to particular destinations which they may be operating in. UNESCO has previously warned about uncontrolled access at Machu Picchu in Peru and advised the authorities to make conservation a priority (BBC news, 2012). This information was gather from the BBC news is reliable as news is a source which is most current and up to date with worldwide issues. Due to immense tourism developments at heritage sites planning strategies are essential in order to control tourism (Hall, 2008). For a plan to be successful it needs to implement an effective planning approach which is vision and goal oriented, integrative, market driven, resource driven, consultative and systematic (Hall,2008). However Simpson (2001) identified that specific examples of community involvement in the planning process hardly exist. Environmental and economic objectives are more notional than social objectives, creating problematic process as the three dimensions as they are not being equally treated (Agyeman Evans, 2003). Figure one illustrates the process in which sustainable tourism should be managed at heritage sites. Through sustainability soft and hard visitor management techniques have been implemented at various heritage sites in order to control and monitor visitor flows cooper et al, 2005. This information was obtained by observing the visitor management techniques implemented at the Great Wall of China. In this case this is a good method as the results give an understanding of what management techniques effective for heritage sites. Source: (Larson and Poudyal, 2012) Source: (Larson and Poudyal, 2012) Conclusion It is evident that academics in this area of study heavily rely on qualitative research in order to discover their answer. This may be that due to the nature of heritage tourism, the best way to understand the area is by identifying what motivates tourist to this type of tourism and what are the implications, opportunities and solutions in order to sustain heritage tourism. These types of questions may need to be answered by tourists that participate in this type of tourism and stake holders involved. In this way it can be said that the reason why surveys, interviews and observation methods might be used is to investigate specifically in detail answers that may not be found conducting desk top research, due to the limitations of areas that are specifically studied around a particular academics research. However institutions such as the WTO, OECD use quantitative and qualitative, methods in order measure and monitor progress and direct actions related to tourism related impacts, threats and opportunities. It can be recommended that academics use both qualitative and quantitative research in order to develop well detailed and effective results around the area of study. Overall it is clear from the study that in order for heritage tourism to be preserved sustainability is the key concept surrounding the phenomenon. Tourists, Stake holders, communities and tourism institutions are equally involve in achieving sustainability in world heritage sites as they each have an effect on the outcomes of its survival in terms of future developments. References Agyeman, J. Evans, T. (2003). Toward sustainability in urban communities: Building equal rights with sustainable solutions. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences. 590. pp 35–53. BBC news, (2012) Machu Picchu: Peru unveils plans for new airport. Available at: http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/world-latin-america-19353660 [Accessed: 2nd December, 2012] Borges,A. M. ,Carbone,G. ,Bushell,R. and Jaeger,T. (2011) Sustai nable tourism and natural World Heritage. Switzerland: IUCN Gland, Switzerland Cooper,C. ,Fletcher,J. ,Fyal,A. , Gilbert,D. Wanhill,S. 2005)Tourism principles and practice. Essex: Pearson education limited Garrod, B. , Fyall, A. (2000). Managing heritage tourism. Annals of Tourism Research. 27(3). pp 682–708. Garrod,B. and Fyall,A. Contemporary cases in Tourism. Volume 1. Oxford: Goodfellow Publishers Limited. In UNESCO (2008) World Heritage. Availble at:http://whc. unesco. org/en/list/514 Garrod, B. , Fyall, A. (2000). Managing heritage tourism. Annals of Tourism Research. 27(3). pp 682–708. *Hall, C. M. (2008). Tourism planning. Policies, processes and relationships, Harlow, Pearson Education Limited Kolar,T. and zabkar,V. (2010) A consumer-based model of authenticity: An oxymoron or the foundation of cultural heritage marketing. 31 (5) October. pp. 652–66. In Swarbrooke, J. (1999) The development and management of visitor attractions. Oxford Butterworth-Heinemann, Kolar,T. and zabkar,V. (2010) A consumer-based model of authenticity: An oxymoron or the foundation of cultural heritage marketing. 31 (5). October. pp 652–664 Larson,R. L. and Poudyal,C. N. (2012) Developing sustainable tourism through adaptive resource management: a case study of Machu Picchu, Peru. 0(7). pp 917-938 Landorf ,C. ( 2009) Managing for sustainable tourism: a review of six cultural World Heritage Sites. 17(1). pp53-70. In Jones, C. , Munday, M. (2001). Blaenavon and United Nations World Heritage Site status: Is conservation of industrial heritage a road to local economic development? Regional Studies. 35(6). pp 585–590. Mathieson, A. and Wall, G. (1982) Tourism: Economic, Physical an d Social Impacts. Harlow: Longman. Mintel (2010) Cultural and Heritage Tourism – International. Available at:http://academic. mintel. om/display/482710/? highlight=true[Accessed:2nd December, 2012] Nuryanti,W. (1996) HERITAGE AND POSTMODERN TOURISM. Annalr of Tourirm Research. 23 (2) pp. 249-260, Simpson, K. (2001). Strategic planning and community involvement as contributors to sustainable tourism development. Current Issues in Tourism, 4(1). pp 3–41. Timothy, J. D. and Nyaupane, P. G. 2009 Cultural Heritage and Tourism in the Developing World: A Regional Perspective. Oxon: Routledge UNWTO (2012) Tourism and Intangible Cultural Heritage. Available at: http://ethics. unwto. rg/en/content/tourism-and-intangible-cultural-heritage[Accessed: 3rd December,2012] UNESCO. (1972). Convention concerning the protection of the world cultural and natural heritage. Paris: UNESCO. WTO (2012 a) Tourism and Poverty Alleviation. Available at: http://step. unwto. org/en/content/tourism-a nd-poverty-alleviation-1[Accessed: 2nd December, 2012] WTO (2012 b) International tourism strong despite uncertain economy. Available at. http://www2. unwto. org/en/press-release/2012-11-05/international-tourism-strong-despite-uncertain-economy[Accessed: 2nd December, 2012] Zeppal, H. and How to cite Trend in Heritage Tourism, Papers

MONITORING AND OPTIMIZATION Essays - Computer Storage Devices

MONITORING AND OPTIMIZATION PERFORMANCE MONITOR AND NETWORK MONITOR PERFORMANCE MONITOR Windows NT Object Counters in Performance Monitor OBJECTPURPOSE CacheL2 cache performance Logical diskMass storage performance, including network storage MemoryMemory performance and usage ObjectsProcess and tread counts Paging fileVirtual memory usage Physical diskHD performance Process Performance of executing processes Processor Processor(s) performance SystemWindows NT performance Thread Individual thread performance You will also see objects for each network service installed. MONITORING FOR PROCESSOR BOTTLENECKS MAJOR PROCESSOR RELATED COUNTERS TO WATCH: Processor: %Processor Time - How busy the microprocessor is. Processor is a bottleneck if sustained >80% Processor: Interrupts/sec - Rate of service requests from peripheral devices. If you have a high rate of interrupts/sec with no corresponding hardware functions then you may have a bad piece of hardware. Should be between 100 and 1000. Spikes to 2000 are ok. System: Processor queue length - Number of threads waiting to be serviced. >2 then processor is a bottleneck. Queue length will always be zero unless you are also monitoring a thread specific counter (Context switches/sec is number of threads switched/sec by the processor and is good to use). MONITORING THE DISK FOR BOTTLENECKS IF THE DISK LIGHT IS ON ALL THE TIME, YOU NEED MORE RAM More Ram will increase the size of the disk cache and decrease page swapping to disk and will increase the apparent speed of the disk. Logical disk vs. Physical disk Two different objects in Performance monitor. Logical disk measures performance of stripe sets, volume sets and mapped network drives. Physical disk measures real transfers to and from actual hard disk or RAID set. Used to compare disks and to provide specific information about a disk. MAJOR DISK RELATED COUNTERS TO WATCH: Memory: Pages/sec shows the number of memory pages swapped out to disk per second. Useful with %disk time: modify the size of the page file and watch the result of these two disk counters. %Disk time does not directly measure the disk. It shows how much time the processor is spending servicing disk requests. Use with Processor: %Processor Time to determine if the disk is eating up the processor. Disk bytes per second shows how fast your disk is. Copy a big file and see if your disk is way fast or a piece of junk. Average disk bytes per transfer shows how big the average transfer is. Larger transfers are more efficient. Current Disk queue length shows how much data is waiting to be transferred to disk. A long queue means you need a faster disk. NOTE: You must enable disk counters, they are disabled by default and will cause a degradation of about 2% in performance due to processor load of the counter. To enable disk performance counters: type diskperf -y at the command prompt to enable auto counter startup at boot. Reboot. To disable disk performance counters: type diskperf -n at the command prompt to disable auto counter startup at boot. Reboot. NETWORK MONITOR Is a trimmed down version of what ships with SMS. Is installed by adding Network monitor tools and agent through the services tab of the network icon in control panel. Can provide real time and cumulative saved data. FOUR MAIN SECTIONS Bar graph in real time. Session statistics shows cumulative data about conversations taking place on the network in real time. Station statistics shows information on each conversation. You must specify the machine (station) you want to monitor and is cumulative for the monitoring period. Summary statistics are cumulative and show network, captured, per second, NIC (MAC), and NIC error statistics. Data can be filtered by protocol, computer address, or protocol properties. Filter by computer address to identify a NIC sending data frames when not in use (bad NIC). Netmon can be dual password protected and will let you identify other instances of Netmon running on the network. This is to prevent unauthorized users from capturing data to which they do not have permission to access. Conflict Sybex Network Press: MCSE NT Server 4 Study Guide says, ?The limited version of network monitor that ships with Windows NT Server does not support promiscuous mode. Therefore, it can capture only packets sent to the server or to all stations.? But? Windows NT Online Help for Performance Monitor says, The Nework Monitor agent collects statistics from the computer's network adapter card by putting it in promiscuous mode.?

Biography of Jacob J.Lew, Former Treasury Secretary

Biography of Jacob J.Lew, Former Treasury Secretary Jacob Joseph Jack Lew (born Aug. 29, 1955) served as the 76th United States secretary of the treasury from 2013 to 2017. Nominated by President Barak Obama on Jan. 10, 2013, Lew was confirmed by the Senate on Feb. 27, 2013, and sworn in the next day to replace the retiring Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner. Before his service as treasury secretary, Lew served as director of the Office of Management and Budget in the administrations of Obama and President Bill Clinton.  Lew was replaced as secretary of the treasury on Feb.13, 2017, by President Donald Trump’s nominee ​Steven Mnuchin, a banker and former hedge fund manager. Fast Facts: Jacob J. "Jack" Lew Known For: 76th U.S. Treasury Secretary under former President Barak Obama, also served as chief of staff under Obama and director of the Office of Management and Budget under both Obama and former President Bill ClintonAlso Known As: Jacob Joseph. Jack LewBorn: Aug. 29, 1955 in New York CityParents: Ruth Turoff and Irving LewEducation: Harvard University  (BA, 1978), Georgetown University  (JD, 1983)Awards and Honors: Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters (Georgetown University, 2014)Spouse: Ruth SchwartzChildren: Shoshana, IsaacNotable Quotes: The budget is not just a collection of numbers, but an expression of our values and aspirations. ... In my last tour of duty here in the 1990s, we made the tough, bipartisan decisions needed to bring our budget into surplus. Once again, it will take tough choices to put us on a sustainable fiscal path. Early Life and Education Lew was born on Aug. 29, 1955, in New York City to Irving Lew, a lawyer and rare book dealer, and Ruth Turoff. Lew attended New York City public schools, graduating from Forest Hill High School, where he met his future wife Ruth Schwartz. After attending Carleton College in Minnesota, Lew graduated from Harvard University in 1978 and from the Georgetown University Law Center in 1983. Government Career While involved in the federal government for nearly 40 years, Lew has never held an elected position. At just 19, Lew worked as a legislative aide to U.S. Rep. Joe Moakley (D-Mass.) from 1974 to 1975. After working for Rep. Moakley, Lew worked as a senior policy adviser to famed Speaker of the House Tip ONeill. As an adviser to ONeill, Lew served as executive director of the House Democratic Steering and Policy Committee. Lew also served as ONeills liaison to the 1983 Greenspan Commission, which successfully negotiated a bipartisan legislative solution extending the solvency of the Social Security program. In addition, Lew assisted ONeill with economic issues, including Medicare, federal budget, tax, trade, spending and appropriations, and energy issues. Clinton Administration From 1998 to 2001, Lew served as director of the Office of Management and Budget, a Cabinet-level position under President Bill Clinton. At OMB, Lew headed up the Clinton administrations budget team and was a member of the National Security Council. During Lews three years as head of the OMB, the U.S. budget actually operated at a surplus for the first time since 1969. Since 2002, the budget has suffered an ever-increasing deficit. Under President Clinton, Lew also helped design and implement the national service program Americorps. Between Clinton and Obama Following the end of the Clinton administration, Lew served as executive vice president and chief operating officer of New York University. While at NYU, he taught public administration and handled the universitys budget and finances. After leaving NYU in 2006, Lew went to work for Citigroup, serving as managing director and chief operating officer for two of the banking giants business units. From 2004 through 2008, Lew also served on the board of directors of the Corporation for National and Community Service, chairing its Management, Administration, and Governance Committee. Obama Administration Lew first joined the Obama administration in 2010 as deputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources. In November 2010, he was confirmed by the Senate as director of the Office of Management and Budget, the same office he held under President Clinton from 1998 to 2001. On Jan. 9, 2012, President Obama selected Lew as his White House chief of staff. During his time as chief of staff, Lew acted as a key negotiator between Obama and Republican Speaker of the House John Boehner in attempts to avoid the so-called fiscal cliff, the $85-billion forced budget sequestration and tax increases for wealthy Americans. In a 2012 article written for the HuffPost, Lew explained the Obama administrations plan for reducing the U.S. deficit as including: cutting $78 billion from the Department of Defense budget, raising the income tax rate for the top 2% of income earners to what they were during the Clinton administration, and reducing the federal tax rate on corporations from 35% to 25%. In my last tour of duty here in the 1990s, we made the tough, bipartisan decisions needed to bring our budget into surplus, wrote Lew. Once again, it will take tough choices to put us on a sustainable fiscal path. After Washington After Lews service in Washington, he returned to Wall Street to join a private equity firm. He is also a much-sought-after commentator on cable news shows, on issues ranging from the state of the economy to economic relations with China. Sources â€Å"Jacob J. Lew.†Ã‚  Jacob J. Lew | Columbia SIPA.Meredith, Sam. â€Å"More Bumps in the Road before US-China Trade Deal, Former Treasury Secretary Jack Lew Warns.†Ã‚  CNBC, CNBC, 26 Mar. 2019.Mittelman, Melissa. â€Å"Jack Lew Goes Back to Wall Street.†Ã‚  Bloomberg.com, Bloomberg, 20 Nov. 2017.Nottingham, Melissa. â€Å"Ruth Schwartz- Secretary of Treasury Jacob Lews Wife.†Ã‚  WAGPOLITICS.COM, 1 Oct. 2013.

Understanding Confidence Intervals

Understanding Confidence Intervals Inferential statistics gets its name from what happens in this branch of statistics. Rather than simply describe a set of data, inferential statistics seeks to infer something about a population on the basis of a statistical sample. One specific goal in inferential statistics involves the determination of the value of an unknown population parameter. The range of values that we use to estimate this parameter is called a confidence interval. The Form of a Confidence Interval A confidence interval consists of two parts. The first part is the estimate of the population parameter. We obtain this estimate by using a simple random sample. From this sample, we calculate the statistic that corresponds to the parameter that we wish to estimate. For example, if we were interested in the mean height of all first-grade students in the United States, we would use a simple random sample of U.S. first graders, measure all of them and then compute the mean height of our sample. The second part of a confidence interval is the margin of error. This is necessary because our estimate alone may be different from the true value of the population parameter. In order to allow for other potential values of the parameter, we need to produce a range of numbers. The margin of error does this, and every confidence interval is of the following form: Estimate  ± Margin of Error The estimate is in the center of the interval, and then we subtract and add the margin of error from this estimate to obtain a range of values for the parameter. Confidence Level Attached to every confidence interval is a level of confidence. This is a probability or percent that indicates how much certainty we should be attributed to our confidence interval. If all other aspects of a situation are identical, the higher the confidence level the wider the confidence interval. This level of confidence can lead to some confusion. It is not a statement about the sampling procedure or population. Instead, it is giving an indication of the success of the process of construction of a confidence interval. For example, confidence intervals with confidence of 80 percent will, in the long run, miss the true population parameter one out of every five times. Any number from zero to one could, in theory, be used for a confidence level. In practice 90 percent, 95 percent and 99 percent are all common confidence levels. Margin of Error The margin of error of a confidence level is determined by a couple of factors. We can see this by examining the formula for margin of error. A margin of error is of the form: Margin of Error (Statistic for Confidence Level) * (Standard Deviation/Error) The statistic for the confidence level depends upon what probability distribution is being used and what level of confidence we have chosen. For example, if Cis our confidence level and we are working with a normal distribution, then C is the area under the curve between -z* to z*. This number z* is the number in our margin of error formula. Standard Deviation or Standard Error The other term necessary in our margin of error is the standard deviation or standard error. The standard deviation of the distribution that we are working with is preferred here. However, typically parameters from the population are unknown. This number is not usually available when forming confidence intervals in practice. To deal with this uncertainty in knowing the standard deviation we instead use the standard error. The standard error that corresponds to a standard deviation is an estimate of this standard deviation. What makes the standard error so powerful is that it is calculated from the simple random sample that is used to calculate our estimate. No extra information is necessary as the sample does all of the estimation for us. Different Confidence Intervals There are a variety of different situations that call for confidence intervals. These confidence intervals are used to estimate a number of different parameters. Although these aspects are different, all of these confidence intervals are united by the same overall format. Some common confidence intervals are those for a population mean, population variance, population proportion, the difference of two population means and the difference of two population proportions.

Vatican II Marriage and Family (Catholic Religion) Essay

Vatican II Marriage and Family (Catholic Religion) - Essay Example The second reason was the mutual help both partners could give each other in the relationship. The third reason was that it provided legal cover for the couple to indulge in sex and release their carnal cravings. The husband was considered the head of the family, while the wife was looked upon as the nucleus, or heart of the family (Hill et al.). Pope Pius XI instigated a more personalized approach to marriage by the Church when in 1930 he wrote that the love shared between a husband and wife should occupy the greatest position in a marriage. Some European theologians added weight to the subject by proposing a more individualistic approach to marriage that stressed on human worthiness and the crucial importance of love in it. These developments laid the groundwork for the Second Vatican Council’s historical announcement (Hill et al.). The opening statement of the Second Vatican Council’s decree, â€Å"the joys and hopes, the grief and anguish of the people of our time, especially of those who are poor or afflicted, are the joys and hopes, the grief and anguish of the followers of Christ as well,† confirms the Church’s dedication to the people of the world and its determination to serve their needs. This statement is followed by a reference to the family, noting that nurturing healthy marriages and families is crucial to achieving personal and social well being (Hill et al.). The Second Vatican Council’s most dramatic proclamation was the Church as the â€Å"People of God.† Given the fact that the Church was earlier not identified with the laity but associated solely with the clergy and men and women religious, the proclamation departed from the traditional practice of viewing marriage as being a state of life for those who did not have vocations, admitting instead that married life was a genuine vocation in its own right. Vatican II added emphasis on the worthiness and respect of marriage by

Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) Essay

Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) - Essay Example Equally important, IT must deliver services that promote effectiveness in the use f information systems. (Thibodeau 16-16) A large part f the challenge is the fact that organizations continually implement new business processes, discard flawed ones, or extend and modify current practices. Business systems that automate and actuate these business processes are continually in flux. But that's only the beginning. IT managers are also haunted by the specter f rapid, unceasing, technological churn, especially when the option f not adopting the latest innovations might put them at a competitive disadvantage. Moreover, today's business systems, radically different from their less-sophisticated precursors, are extremely complex and highly networked, and must support a new breed f multicompany, business-to-business applications. Web services, commonly defined as Internet-based applications that perform some type f business task, add yet another twist. (McLaughlin 39-42) As either a supplier or user f Web services, system or service failure has the potential to damage brand equity, as well as customer (internal or external) and trading partner confidence. Ultimately, it falls to in-hou... Thankfully, there are techniques that can mitigate risk, reduce complexity, and lessen IT costs. To date, the best approach involves the use f some combination f industry standards and proven process models. The term "IT Service Management" encapsulates all f the standardized processes and best practices that can be systematically applied across the entire range f IT services and support functions, to deliver superior services, while reducing risks and effectively managing costs. The use f standards and process models, however, while necessary, is not sufficient for delivering critical business systems. Organizations must apply the various approaches in an architected and deliberate manner, based on practices that have proven themselves in the field time and again. Introduction to ITIL It has been long understood that the value f IT services to the enterprise is reduced if delivery is inadequate and costly, or if implementation puts the business at risk. It is equally well known that the ability to deliver high-quality, low-cost IT services is enhanced if those services are based on proven methodologies and best practices. (Steinberg 22-30) To that end, the Central Computer and Telecommunications Agency (CCTA) is a U.K. government agency chartered with development f best practice advice and guidance on the use f information technology in service management and operations. Beginning in the mid-1980s, the CCTA surveyed the leading information technology companies from around the world to document and validate best practices in the disciplines f IT service management. The IT Infrastructure Library, more commonly known as ITIL, captures and codifies the